Lion Financial Services free essay sample

Boatwright realized that innovation had altogether progressed since the LFS call focuses were initially planned and he was definitely mindful that LFS was confronting a consistent increment in the related expenses of working these call habitats. Boatwright reached Customer Solutions Group (CSG) in February of 2000 and Andy Carr, CSG’s Chief Operating Officer, was acquired to start chipping away at the task of giving noteworthy and explicit proposals that would be intended to improve quality and lessen costs.Carr went through the following a while watching the call community activities, talking with supervisors and representatives, and examining the current information, preparing materials and corporate reports. After broad examination, Carr was set up to introduce his discoveries and new plan for LFS’ call focus and tasks. Our group underpins Carr’s update proposition of LFS’ call focus and accept the suggestions have merit dependent on our evaluation.We trust it will be effective in furnishing LFS with the accompanying results: a predictable and excellent degree of client support, brief timeframe to reply, and decrease yearly working cost by . 5 million (Page 11, Paragraph 4). Nonetheless, we just make this suggestion insofar as Andy and LFS’s the board make an intensive execution plan that tends to business congruity and mitigates dangers related with huge procedure overhaul endeavors. There are a few structure changes in Carr’s suggestion that accumulated our team’s support.The single biggest being the end of the Boston and New Jersey call focuses for a solitary enormous call community at the current Chicago offices. Complimentary to this change is the decrease of the eight existing specialist pools to that of three: Quickline, Customer Service, and Broker Service (See Exhibit 4). In making these structure changes Carr actualized two essential procedure plan standards. Right off the bat, by uniting all call community activities to Chicago, a few complex call steering assignments are presently consolidated into a solitary directing undertaking to the primary call center.Secondly, so as to blend the Customer and Broker Quicklines to a solitary Quickline pool, it will be important to make definite call plans and dependable guidelines that will permit Quickline specialists to use different forms of a similar procedure so as to exceed expectations in prep aring client and representative calls. We accept these progressions will carry the consistency and quality to the client experience that the LFS supervisory crew will discover appealing. The following two plan changes suggested via Carr are ideal instances of the structure rule to play out the work where it bodes well. First he suggests making a client individual recognizable proof number (PIN) that the client will be provoked to enter by the Interactive Voice Response (IVR) framework. Upon section, the framework will have the option to in a split second distinguish the guest as either a client or dealer, decide the idea of their call, and course the call to the fitting operator pool.When the call shows up, it will coordinate with the agents’ PC framework and show the necessary client data just as the purpose behind their call. This permits them to start helping the client promptly without participating in challenge reaction inquiries to decide character and guarantees that the right client account is appropriately referenced. The subsequent change is the expansion of a discretionary robotized reaction framework that could deal with most of the most widely rec ognized solicitations from clients and would be accessible 24 hours a day.Carr assessed that around 20% or 6,000 guests for each week would decide to utilize the computerized framework, which alongside the PIN framework will be a noteworthy commitment to the ideal decrease so as to reply and generally talk time (Page 10, Paragraph 3). In light of the capability of these changes, we accept they will be a solid selling purpose of the plan change for Boatwright and LFS’s other official management.The last structure change that our group feels will extraordinarily upgrade the degree of consumer loyalty with LFS’ call focus activities is the emotional decrease of unpredictability in the flood steering rules. Already, the steering rules and staffing were mind boggling to such an extent that two-full time workers were required to oversee and look after them (Page 3, Paragraph 3). Carr’s configuration plan disposes of the excessively mind boggling flood manages and makes one straightforward â€Å"zero threshold† rule where no call will be held in line if a certified or overqualified operator is accessible (Page 10, Paragraph 4).The zero limit rule is an ideal case of different entangled errands consolidated into a basic smoothed out assignment. This basic directing errand, as plot in show 4, ex hibits how a call will be steered up from Quickline, to Customer Service, and afterward at long last to the Broker Service pool until it finds an accessible specialist. In the event that no accessible operator can be found, it will line in the Broker Services pool until one is accessible (Page 10, Paragraph 5). We feel this can possibly dramatically affect working costs dependent on two criteria.First, pay rates and advantages make up roughly 70% of the call place cost at LFS (Page 3, Paragraph 3). The thought is that by having an ideal flood system, staffing in the call community could be fundamentally decreased. When all is said in done, client care specialists can deal with Quickline calls quicker than Quickline operators, and intermediary administration operators can deal with calls quicker than client specialists, and chiefs can deal with calls quicker than the specialists they regulate (Page 3, Paragraph 2).Carr is supporting that by persistently directing calls up the chain to progressively experienced operators that call answer times will drastically lessen. So as to alleviate the capability of calls staying in the dealer administration pool, Carr plans to purposefully overstaff financier while the Quickline and client support pools would be deliberately understaffed comparative wit h the call volume insights of some random time (Page 10, Paragraph 5). The structure changes delineated above will all assistance accomplish the evaluated $1. million in operational investment funds every year, generally through economies of scale coming about because of the call place solidification and the expanded computerization and operator profitability. By taking out the call habitats in Boston and New Jersey, LFS ought to have the option to bring down its fixed and variable expenses related with taking care of client calls. By utilizing their offices in Chicago they ought to have the option to diminish superfluous overhead (rent/deterioration, utilities, telecom, IT), staff (the board, HR, preparing), and costs related with correspondences between offices (travel, postage).Simply put, a solitary enormous call place is more affordable to work than one medium and two little estimated ones. Our group accepts that the structure plan as sketched out via Carr can be effective, in any case, we have distinguished regions where we think some extra consideration should be paid by the CSG and LFS supervisory crews to guarantee it is. We are p rincipally worried that Carr might not have considered the effect shutting the two call places will have on LFS’ long haul business congruity strategy.Today, regardless of whether by plan or not, LFS seems to have an excess call steering process that doesn't depend on any one specific call community to be accessible so as to process calls. The snowstorm in February of 2011 that basically shutdown the city of Chicago could have kept anybody from having the option to make it into LFS’s workplaces so as to man the call community. Carr’s future state where there is just the Chicago call focus will require the formation of alternate courses of action to guarantee client assistance is maintained.With 74 branches across the nation one potential choice is course calls topographically to the nearby office that can support the clients accounts. Moreover, we are worried that there has not been sufficient spotlight on execution methodology. Things that should be tended to are time periods, costs engaged with framework advancement and joining, just as an advantage aura plan. An all around characterized execution procedure ought to likewise think about the resolve of LFS’ workers all through the solidification effort.Based on our assessment, Carr’s proposed configuration will convey a predictable and exce llent degree of client support, brief timeframe to reply, and diminish LFS’ yearly working cost by $1. 5 million. So as to understand these additions LFS’ official administration in the transient need to concentrate on building their usage system and building up a change the board plan that tends to the issues illustrated beforehand: business coherence, mien lan for the Boston and New Jersey call focuses, and overseeing representative spirit. In the mid-term, LFS needs to execute their procedure and change the board plans. They should guarantee they are focused on the extend and allot the best possible need and faculty to have an effective execution. In the long haul, they ought to set up methods to screen Carr’s suggested quality measures (Page 9) and make any vital acclimations to keep up operator efficiency and quality help.

Dynamics of Modernity: Berman Canclini

Elements of Modernity: Berman Canclini Thoroughly analyze Marshall Bermans and Nestor Garcia Canclinis record of the elements of Modernity To be current is to carry on with an existence of mystery and logical inconsistency. It is to be overwhelmed by the huge bureaucratic associations that have the ability to control and regularly to decimate all networks, qualities, lives; but then to be courageous in our assurance to confront these powers, to battle to change their reality and make it our own. (Berman:1983:13-14) Advancement has for some time been hailed as one of the most remarkable powers to have developed on the planet, with the limit, as per Marx, to move mountains, and to guarantee that all that is strong melts into air. Inside the announcement by Berman that starts this exposition, we can see one of the elements that has made this impression. Innovation, regardless of its more profound roots, starts to be discussed by a progression of scholars who join a high level of deliberation with a basic to act. In this manner Marx contends for enormous engines of recorded telos that exist outside of our will, and simultaneously contends for an inherent need to change verifiable conditions. This connection among deliberation and solidness is maybe the most major dynamic of advancement. It offers ascend to the arranged economies of socialism, and the controlled biopower of current expresses that Foucault (1998) discusses, which endeavor to lead over the capacity of life itself. Simultaneously is of fers ascend to what Badiou (2005:12) calls the enthusiasm for the genuine; the quest for a bona fide presence without the assurances with which past ages lived. What is essential about these two developments is the manner by which they arch one another. The possibility of real will gets conceivable just with the breakdown of great stories and the ascent of directed life, and the controlled life at that point utilizes a similar thought of self-satisfaction inside commercialization to additionally have the option to oversee biopower. It is this covalence that is essential to advancement, and which this article will contend is completely misconstrued by Berman. One reason for this is, as Braudel (1995:14) notes, â€Å"each civilisation will in general overestimate its own objectivity.† Likewise, each age will in general consider itself to be more one of a kind than the last. Be that as it may, this is especially an issue with the period called advancement in light of the fact that during this period it was figured explanation could break with the past, and a perfect world of the state was conceivable. We can see this heritage in both the Communist economies and in the creative developments, for example, Marinettis futurism, which had as its maxim: â€Å"make it new.† It is decisively this snare Berman falls into: confounding the thoughts of innovation with the impacts of modernisation. Indeed, Bermans fetishished ideas of will and legitimacy, happened in the ahistorical telos of his pioneer planar turn of events, look like nothing as much as a 19c treatise on the development of history. Maybe part of the purpose behind this is the mix of Bermans European sources with his experience in the solid independent convention of American logic, as should be obvious in his first book (1970). Canclini stands only south of Berman, yet from the point of view of Mexico, advancement is a not a completed undertaking to be discussed nostalgically in the manner Berman does. Since this task is incomplete, Canclini is vastly improved set to comprehend the complex and interweaved connection between what is developed as convention and what is built as innovation. His idea of hybridity, set with regards to an overwhelming dependence on Gramscis hypothesis of authority, permits one to comprehend that preeminent class of innovation: convention. For example, Canclini notes (1995a:53) that there is no reasonable line among well known and domineering society, on the grounds that (ibid:75) worker culture is fundamental for private enterprise as an image of national character and on the grounds that (ibid:83) it offers the development of an authority through the administration of social fragmentation.† Thus advancement can be seen here as a half breed structure whereby old personalities are assembled as opposed to changed and removed. Canclini comprehends that advancement, on the off chance that it implies anything, implies a change in fundamental structure as opposed to the kind of social universalism which lies as the feeling of crafted by Berman. This exposition will consider how Berman sets up the elements of innovation inside this ahistorical pattern, and contend, as recently implied, that he misses the significant parts of the connection. It will likewise be contended that Canclini, inside his significantly more unobtrusive venture, comprehends the hidden elements of the theoretical and the solid to a far more prominent degree. Maybe Bermans issues start with his tripartite division of advancement into innovation, modernisation and the cutting edge, without each taking a gander at how these classifications are commonly constitutive of one another. Advancement, Berman clarifies is (1983:15): â€Å"a method of crucial experience †experience of existence, of oneself as well as other people, of lifes conceivable outcomes and perils.† Bermans book is a greater amount of an inspiration than an academic contention, however in any case is appears to be relevant to demand some proof for such a case: did different ages not experience reality? The issue here isn't just that Bermans speculations don't disclose to us anything about innovation, however that they cover the genuine elements of the procedure. For example, Berman frequently demands the feeling of novelty, of real experience, inside innovation. However comprehended as what Berman understands it to be, the feeling of the new isn't an encounter spec ific to advancement by any stretch of the imagination. What is significant here about the elements of innovation is the manner by which the experience of the new, what Berman calls advancement, is a fundamental piece of the procedure of modernisation. This has been contended well by one of Bermans asserted motivations, Walter Benjamin, whose Arcades Project (2002) follows the manner by which a feeling of marvel was utilized to make the customer reasonableness. This is additionally spread out in crafted by Canclini, who annals the amazing political impact made by developing advancement as something to come †around which one can prepare individuals towards new personalities and on new political undertakings. Be that as it may, this is a digressive impact, as opposed to an on a very basic level new ontological opportunities for the advanced subject, and Berman states the last as a property of the previous without giving a solitary contention. Rather, Berman (1983:15) gives us inspiration and descriptive word, one hung after the other. The hidden dynamic of innovation for him is: â€Å"modernity is a dumbfounding solidarity, a solidarity of disunity: it empties all of us into a frenzy of unending crumbling, of battle and logical inconsistency, of equivocalness and anguish.† Underlying this purple composition is Marxs explanation, that moves the books title, that all that is strong melts into air. However what Marx is discussing is the capacity of cash-flow to sabotage use-esteem and make a universe of individuals distanced from their work and extricated of surplus worth. Presently one can disagree with Marxs account, (as Baudrillard (1983) most conveniently does by bringing up that utilization esteem is likewise a fetishisation, this season of credibility, and that the first distance happens with the development of significant worth) however what he causes to notice is the manner in which individuals consider the to be of free enterprise as genuine: capital is seen by individuals in Marx as something really existing, as opposed to a bedlam of unending crumbling. Here, Berman neglects to give legitimate record of why he wanders from Marx. What would we be able to rescue from Bermans record of the elements of advancement? It is consistent with state that the political subject in innovation was thought of as enormously adaptable and fit for constant rehash. In spite of the fact that it must be included that this idea has a lot more extensive recorded roots that Berman gives acknowledgment for: one would already be able to see it in Machiavellis (2004) thought that individuals are fit for concealing their aims and this comprises the reason for governmental issues. Be that as it may, this consistent opportunities for rehash prompted the absolute most firm arrangements of congruities the world has seen for quite a while: class war, the convention of the French bourgeoisie, and the advanced state. Berman discounts in a couple of lines a large portion of the incredible masterminds who have examined this commonly constitutive connections, Adorno here justifying a line. Canclini, interestingly, is aware of the manner in which the alleged originality of advancement capacity to save power, and in his record of innovation in Mexico causes to notice the manner in which novelty is made a congruity of custom and authoritative force. Berman then isolates out modernization as the social procedure that brings this whirlwind into being. In doing so he diagrams some away from between the periods of innovation. These stages look like nothing to such an extent as the away from steps of early present day scholars like Morgan. In doing so he makes a joke of the patient work of individuals like Arrighi (1994), who have attempted to reveal all the coherencies that exist between various periods. Besides, his record isn't even inside steady. There is deficient lucidity in his work with regards to the contrast between the 19C and 20C: Pushkin and Biely are made signs of a similar development, in spite of the broadly various motivations that educate their work. What Canclinis work figures out how to do very well is to comprehend the manner by which innovation, more than some other age (for it is simply the age of men who leave a mark on the world themselves without dependence on strict accounts) is complicit in its own develop ment of history. He follows the manner by which history is utilized as a political apparatus, and that the capacity of the sort of planar divisions Berman utilizes is to extricate a progression from a progression. Or, in other words that such divisions work as a political apparatus to remove a

Lewis, Meriwether

Lewis, Meriwether Lewis, Meriwether, 1774â€"1809, American explorer, one of the leaders of the Lewis and Clark expedition , b. near Charlottesville, Va. He was a captain in the army and served in a number of campaigns against Native Americans before becoming (1801) secretary to his friend President Jefferson. Selected to head the expedition for a land route to the Pacific Ocean, he chose William Clark as his associate. Upon that successful venture Lewis's fame rests. In 1807 he was made governor of Louisiana Territory, with headquarters at St. Louis. In 1809, while traveling to Washington to prepare the journals of the expedition for publication, he died suddenlyâ€"either by murder or suicideâ€"in a lonely inn on the Natchez Trace. The cause of his death is still the subject of controversy. See biography by R. H. Dillon (1968); see also bibliography under Lewis and Clark expedition . The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reser ved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

The difficulties of cross-border estates - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3342 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Narrative essay Level High school Did you like this example? Comment on and describe the particular difficulties arising in cross border estates, i.e. a person dying with assets in several jurisdictions. Cross border estates have inherent difficulties that centre on the legal and fiscal consequences when the investor dies. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The difficulties of cross-border estates" essay for you Create order There are varying rules in the different countries and various operations in regard to succession. Some countries devolve the entire estate on the direct heirs whilst other countries allow the succession to be determined by the authorities. In some countries there is a policy of forced heirship[1]. Further problems exist in the levying of taxes on the estate. It may be difficult to decide which jurisdiction should levy the taxes[2]. This could be crucial to the estate as the tax might be higher in some jurisdictions. For the heir it is obviously preferable if the country operating the lowest taxation system taxes the estate, however the heirs do not have any input in this decision. Through the recognition of trusts the Hague convention has attempted to address the issues on the taxation of estates[3]. In some instances estate taxes have been avoided by the assets being placed in a trust. There have been problems when such trusts have been settled as where occasionally a gift tax char ge has been levied. There have been attempts within the European Union to try to introduce some form of regulation on the rules of succession so that there are clear guidelines on the rules of succession and the issue surrounding the jurisdiction in which the inheritance is table in[4]. Under the present system some countries regard habitual residence or domicile as the deciding factor on succession rights whilst other countries base their decision on nationality. Other European states have adopted a policy of determining the estate in the terms of immovable and movable items[5]. To give an example of how this works under the present system, if an English person after retirement decided to go and live in France then French law would regard him as habitually resident in France whereas English law would regard him as domiciled in England. Any movable items would be subject to succession in both English and French law. Once the owner of the estate dies the division of the estate becomes difficult as the movable items are governed by succession rules in 2 different countries. This can be demonstrated by the case of Barbier (C-364/01) 2003[6] in which the European court made it clear that an inheritance of property constituted a movement of capital. In this case the court held that the Dutch authorities were in breach of Article 56 of the Convention due to the restrictions placed on the successors of the estate on the grounds of nationality. In Van Hilten-Van der Heijden (Free movement of capital) [2005] EUECJ C-513/03 (23 February 2006) the problem of cross border estates was highlighted. The case came to the attention of the courts after the death of Mrs van Hilten-van der Heijden in November 1997. Up until the beginning of 1988 she had been resident I the Netherlands. Between 1988 and 1991 she moved first to Belgium and then to Switzerland. Her estate contained immovable property in the Netherlands, Belgium and Switzerland as well as investments in secu rities in the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland and the USA. Bank accounts were also discovered in the Netherlands and Belgium. The heirs of the estate where taxed under Swiss inheritance tax laws, Article 3(1) of the SW 1956, which was upheld by the Inspector following an appeal by four of the heirs. The heirs brought a further action against the inheritance tax in the European Court of Justice. This court held that Article 3(1) of the SW 1956 is a national measure which effectively restricts the free movement of capital[7]. They found that this was a direct breach of Article 73b of the convention (now Article 53). The decision of the ECJ was that the inheritance tax had been wrongly imposed. It was also decided by this court that Directive 88/361 Annex I XI clearly covered inheritance of property within Member States with regard to the free movement of capital and should be adhered to. A simplification on the rules of inheritance where there are cross border estates ahs been attempted by the EU[8]. In a report to the EU Directorate à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" General for Justice in Home Affairs in 2002 the conflict of law relating to wills and succession was studied[9]. Several recommendations emerged from this report, one of which was that the last habitual residence of the deceased should be the deciding factor in determining the jurisdiction for the wills and succession[10]. Other recommendations centred on the taxation of the estate and recommended that the jurisdiction on such taxes should apply to movable and immovable items belonging to the deceased and should be made with reference to the last habitual residence. The report also proffered the suggestion that a testator should be able to designate whether he wishes the law of his nationality or the law of his habitual residence to apply to his whole estate[11]. The report believes this might be achieved by having a uniform European Certificate of Inheritance and a Central Wills Register. It is anticipate d that these changes might well be implemented by 2007 following the green paper review issued by the Directorate General for Justice and Home Affairs of the EU Commission in 2005[12]. At present different countries have varying interpretations of residence and of deciding on domicile issues[13]. A review paper issued by the Inland Revenue in 2003 addressed this issue and attempted to simplify residence and domicile problems. The report compared the rules on residence and domicile in the UK with other countries around the world. The findings of the report showed that in most countries residence is viewed as where the person habitually lives[14]. All countries viewed the taxation on residence to encompass all worldwide income as taxable. Where the person is domiciled in one country but resident in this can cause distinct problems. There is a possibility that a double taxation of their assets could occur[15]. The double taxation issue has been addressed in some countries by the use of treaties with other countries[16]. Treaties exist between the Republic of Ireland and the UK as of 1978[17]. This was aimed at preventing taxation of properties in both jurisdictions upon the ownerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s death. Other treaties with other countries exist for the same purpose[18]. The basic format for the treaties is that inheritance tax is charged in the country in which the property is located[19]. Without the treaties the country of domicile would also be entitled to charge inheritance tax on the asset. Using the treaties the country of domicile gives a credit to the beneficiaries for the tax that has already been paid. Where the deceasedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s assets are in a country with no such treaty the country concerned may apply a form of unilateral relief. This is however a discretionary power and need not be adhered to. Legislation in most countries attempts to provide some form of protection to provide for the dependents of the deceased, although problem s still arise with cross border estates that can lead to the dependents paying higher inheritance tax than they would have paid had the taxation been applied to the habitual residence rather than the country of domicile. A further complication can arise as the dependents might find that they do not have an automatic right to inherit and might have to apply to the court to secure their inheritance. In many civil law countries the principle of forced heirship ensures that enforceable fixed shares are given to certain categories of beneficiaries. The Inheritance (Provision for Family and Dependents) Act 1975 section 1(1) in the UK only protects the family of the deceased if the deceased dies domiciled in England or Wales. Once the recommendations of the green paper[20] come into force the Act will be reformed and will allow dependents of the deceased to claim against the estate regardless of any impact of the deceased not being domiciled in the UK at the time of their death[21]. There is a distinction in the UK between administration and the estate[22]. In the UK an estate can be vested in personal representatives who are allowed to charge for their services. These representatives are tasked to collect together all the assets, pay any debts and distribute the remainder to the beneficiaries. This distinction does not exist I civil law countries. Within civil law countries assets are automatically transferred to the heirs. The difficulty faced by the executors appointed in the UK is that they may have difficulty proving any title to the assets as they are not recognised by other countries[23]. The rules of forced heirship in civil law countries can mean that up to three quarters of the deceasedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s estate can be given to reserved heirs despite the content of the testatorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s will. With someone of UK origin who is habitually resident in another country where the rules of forced heirship apply the beneficiaries in the UK might n ot receive their full entitlement under the terms of the will. When looking at immovable items these generally come under the jurisdiction of the country in which they are held and as such are subject to the rules of taxation and succession applicable in that country. Disposal of overseas assets can be complex and the right to administer the estate might involve adhering to certain protocol of the country in which the assets are held. It is usual for a solicitor to handle such matters though a successor to the estate can opt not to if they wish. The first thing that is needed to deal with overseas property is a Grant of Representation from the Probate office[24]. This grant allows the personal representative to deal with the deceasedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s assets and administer the estate. A separate grant will be required for each country in which assets are held. If it is necessary to prove the will, then the first grant to be applied for should be the domiciled country of th e deceased. Within the grant of representation there is a grant of Probate and a Grant of Letters of Administration. The Grant of probate gives the executors the authority to gather the assets and distribute them in accordance with the will. If there is no will, then a Grant of Letters of Administration has to be obtained by the persons entitled to inherit[25]. The rules of intestacy applicable to the country of domicile of the deceased will also apply if there is no will[26]. If there is a will and that will have been contested then the country of domicile will have jurisdiction over settling the issues. Inheritance tax can be avoided in the UK by placing the property in a trust for the beneficiaries. This would make the property settled property but could only be excluded from inheritance tax if the person placing the property into trust was domiciled outside the UK when the settlement was made. UK law allows a person to change their domicile by choice[27]. This can be achie ved by them changing their residence to a different place from their domicile at birth and can show that there is a clear and fixed intention to make this residence their permanent home. Evidence of this intention can be adduced from certain actions of the party concerned such as the purchase of a property in that country or the purchase of a burial plot[28]. When looking for the intention of the party concerned the immigration department will look for such evidence and may be swayed by a statutory declaration of that party in respect of their intention to remain domiciled in the new country. It is the responsibility of the person changing their domicile by choice to prove that this is their intention. The proof required is not the balance of probabilities test but that of proof beyond reasonable doubt. If this cannot be proved then the country of domicile would revert to the domicile of origin. If spouses are both domiciled in the UK then the transfer of capital between them dur ing their lifetime is exempt from inheritance tax. Where the person transferring the assets is domiciled in the UK but the spouse is domiciled elsewhere then any capital transferred may be subject to inheritance tax. If the transferor is domiciled outside the UK and the spouse is domiciled in the UK then there might be a full exemption to inheritance tax. Further difficulties could arise with cross border estates if the deceased had become insolvent before his death[29]. The Insolvency Act 1986 s336 entitles the spouse of the bankrupt to the matrimonial home irrespective of her spouseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s bankruptcy. This ruling only applies under UK law which means that the rules of bankruptcy in other countries could leave the spouse without a home as the whole estate might be subject to possession by the creditors. Some countries do not recognise the rights of the spouse to the matrimonial home[30]. Where the marital property is not in the country of domicile the rights of the s pouse might not be recognised automatically which could mean that the spouse could find herself without a home if the deceased is insolvent. Assets that are bought and sold in other countries can cause difficulties in the administration of cross border estates. In the UK tax is levied on property or assets held in a foreign country once those items are sold and the money reinvested back in the UK. Some people have been able to avoid the UK taxation system when buying property in other countries although very few are successful at doing this. The conclusion that can be drawn from the above is that cross border estates can cause an assortment of problems for the relatives of the deceased. The largest problem is in collecting all the assets of the estate together and in deciding which country will have jurisdiction for the collection of inheritance tax[31]. The difficulty with immovable and movable objects can cause further problems as some parts of the estate will be subject to inheritance tax in one jurisdiction whilst other items might be taxed in a different jurisdiction. Immovable items are always taxed in the country of origin which means that anyone considering buying an overseas property should look at the inheritance tax rules of that country before buying the property. Movable items are generally taxed according to the persons domicile or habitual residence[32]. There can be some instances where two countries can claim jurisdiction over the movable item. In these circumstances the court must decide which country should have jurisdiction. In assessing the assets of the deceased most countries adopt the principle of habitual residence, however in the UK the taxation rights are recognised with regard to the domicile of the deceased. As mentioned above the UK allows citizens to change their domicile of choice the effect of which would be that if the person were originally domiciled in the UK but adopted another country as his domicile of choice all the assets of his estate would be subject to the taxation laws of the newly domiciled country irrespective of any movable items that might still be held by the deceased in the UK. Spouses generally only obtain an automatic right to possession of the marital home if they are both domiciled within the UK or if the property was placed in trust for the spouse by the transferor whilst domiciled out of the UK. There is no unilateral recognition of wills in other countries and this can cause difficulties for executors who might not be recognised by other countries as having any title to the deceasedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s assets. The further difficulty with wills not being recognised unilaterally as mentioned above could mean that the wishes of the testator might not be adhered to and heirs the testator did not wish to receive anything from the estate might receive the bulk of the estate[33]. Bibliography Hayton, DJ, The Law of Trusts and Equitable Remedies, 11th Ed, 2001, Sweet a nd Maxwell Sornarajah, M., The International Law on Foreign Investment, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1994) Bridge, M Stevens, R, Cross-border Security Insolvency, 2001, Oxford University Press Ross, S Inheritance Act Claims: Law and Practice,2005 Sweet Maxwell Organizations, Reorganizations, Amalgamations, Divisions and Dissolutions: Cross-Border Assets, Double Taxation and Potential Relief Under the U.S. Canada Tax Treatyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law, v. 26 No. 2, 1997, with Professor C. Manolakas. Green Paper Succession and wills {SEC(2005) 270} https://ec.europa.eu/justice_home/doc_centre/civil/studies/doc/testaments_successions_summary_en.pdf https://ec.europa.eu/justice_home/doc_centre/immigration/work/doc/com_2004_811_en.pdf https://ec.europa.eu/justice_home/news/consulting_public/successions/contributions/contribution_ls_appa_en.pdf https://eur-lex.europa.eu https://europa.en.int/comm/justice _home/doc_centre/civi/doc/com_205_065_en https://www.canter-law.co.uk https://www.gov.uk https://www.europarl.europa.eu/hearings/20051121/juri/frimston_en.pdf https://www.eurunion.org https://www.friendsprovident.co.uk https://www.hmrc.gov.uk https://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk https://www.icaew.com https://www.lawgram.com https://www.morganmcmanus.com https://www.murraybeith.co.uk https://publications.parliament.uk/ https://swarb.co.uk https://www.taxireland.ie/documents/uk_agreement.pdf https://www.taxjustice.net https://www.thursfields.com https://www.ukvisas.gov.uk Table of Cases Barbier (Free movement of capital) [2003] EUECJ C-364/01 (11 December 2003) McMahon Ors v McGrath Ors [2005] EWHC 2125 (Ch) (07 October 2005); HIH Casualty General Insurance Ltd Ors v McMahon Ors [2006] EWCA Civ 732 (09 June 2006) Ospelt and Schlossle Weissenberg Familienstiftung (Free movement of capital) [2003] EUECJ C-452/01 (23 September 2003) Van Hilten-Van der Heijden (Free movement of capital) [2005] EUECJ C-513/03 (23 February 2006) Table of Statute Inheritance (Provision for Family and Dependents) Act 1975 European Communities (Personal Insolvency) Regulations S.I. No. 334/2002; 1 [1] https://www.itpa.org/open/summaries/copen92s.html#b [2] https://www.murraybeith.co.uk/pages/news_article.php?id=13 [3] https://www.lawgram.com/resources/publications/MEuropeanEstateAdministrationLU.pdf [4] https://www.eurunion.org/partner/summit/Summit9805/invest.htm [5] https://www.thursfields.com/PDF_Files/3 Cross Border Estates.pdf [6] Barbier (Free movement of capital) [2003] EUECJ C-364/01 (11 December 2003) [7] Ospelt and Schlossle Weissenberg Familienstiftung (Free movement of capital) [2003] EUECJ C-452/01 (23 September 2003) [8]https://ec.europa.eu/justice_home/doc_centre/civil/studies/doc/testaments_successions_summary_en.pdf [9]https://ec.europa.eu/justice_home/news/consulting_public/successions/contributions/contribution_ls_appa_en.pdf [10] https://europa.en.int/comm/justice_home/doc_centre/civi/doc/com_205_065_en [11] https://www.europarl.europa.eu/hearings/20051121/juri/frimston_en.pdf [12] Green Paper Succession and wills {SEC( 2005) 270} [13] https://www.thursfields.com/PDF_Files/3 Cross Border Estates.pdf [14] https://www.taxjustice.net/cms/upload/pdf/e_0803.pdf; https://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/media/A37/8B/adres273kb03.pdf [15] https://www.morganmcmanus.com/html/pdf/CrossBorder_Estates.pdf [16] https://www.icaew.co.uk/librarylinks/index.cfm?AUB=TB2I_25798 [17] https://www.taxireland.ie/documents/uk_agreement.pdf [18] US/UK Double taxation convention signed July 2002 Article 22; https://www.hmrc.gov.uk/international/usa.pdf [19] https://www.hmrc.gov.uk/cto/glossary.htm [20] https://ec.europa.eu/justice_home/doc_centre/immigration/work/doc/com_2004_811_en.pdf; https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52005DC0065:EN:NOT [21] https://www.thursfields.com/PDF_Files/3 Cross Border Estates.pdf [22] https://www.lawgram.com/resources/publications/MEuropeanEstateAdministrationLU.pdf [23] https://www.lawgram.com/resources/publications/MEuropeanEstateAdministration LU.pdf [24] https://www.morganmcmanus.com/html/pdf/CrossBorder_Estates.pdf [25] https://www.canter-law.co.uk/private_client/grant.html [26] https://www.morganmcmanus.com/html/pdf/CrossBorder_Estates.pdf [27] https://www.friendsprovident.co.uk/doclib/ctst8.pdf [28]https://www.ukvisas.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPagec=Pagecid=1038489160281 [29] McMahon Ors v McGrath Ors [2005] EWHC 2125 (Ch) (07 October 2005); HIH Casualty General Insurance Ltd Ors v McMahon Ors [2006] EWCA Civ 732 (09 June 2006) [30] European Communities (Personal Insolvency) Regulations S.I. No. 334/2002; https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199900/ldhansrd/vo000615/text/00615-34.htm [31]https://www.direct.gov.uk [32] https://www.friendsprovident.co.uk/doclib/ctst8.pdf [33] https://www.swarb.co.uk/lisc/WilPr19981998.php

Is Reincarnation Believe That The Soul Never Dies

People who believe in reincarnation believe that the soul never dies. Our soul continues to be reborn throughout time, possibly because the soul did not finish what they wanted, or needed to in their previous lives, before their body passed away. What the soul did in their initial life and their previous past lives reflects where they will be in their next life, which is known as the â€Å"Law of Karma.† Reincarnation is, â€Å"The eternal cycle of birth, suffering, death, and rebirth,† (â€Å"Reincarnation,† 2014). Where the soul comes back to earth in a new human body or form,† (â€Å"What is Reincarnation?† 2014). In the United States, a survey was taken to see how many Americans in Western cultures believe in reincarnation. Twenty percent of the surveyed Americans stated they believe reincarnation exists. Twenty percent said they were unsure and sixty percent said reincarnation does not exist (Walter, 2012). Reincarnation is believed to have started in the east, however it remains a more popular belief in the Western society, (Alberecht, 1987). No earlier than 300 B.C did the idea of reincarnation reach some form of acceptance. The first complete mention of reincarnation was briefly stated in the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, which is an advanced philosophical and mystical text (Swami Krishnananda, 2014). There are many religions and belief systems around t he world that believe in reincarnation including, Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism, (â€Å"Reincarnation Facts and Resources,† 2013). InShow MoreRelatedHave You Ever Wondered If You Have Lived More Than Once?1260 Words   |  6 PagesHave you ever wondered if you have lived more than once? Or what happens after death? Many believe that you continue to live after death, but how is it possible and why so? Today I will inform you about the concept of reincarnation. For some of us, like myself, have had dreams or images of places or things that we have never seen, in person with our own eyes, in our current lifetime. Then we see these images in a picture online and feel like we have been there or have some sort of connection withRead MorePlato’s 1st Argument for the Immortality of the Soul from Opposites and Theory of Reincarnation999 Words   |  4 PagesPlato’s 1st argument for the Immortality of the Soul from opposites and Theory of Reincarnation Plato’s Phaedo is a dialog between Phaedo, Cebes and Simmias where Socrates gives some arguments for the immortality of the soul. In this work, Phaedo tells us about Socrates’ final days, who has been convicted to death. Great philosopher does not have a fear of death because he believes that when a man dies, the soul still exists even if the body perishes. Trying to prove his argumentsRead MoreThe Theory Of Reincarnation And The Soul1147 Words   |  5 PagesThe Argument Stating Reincarnation Exists In this paper I show reincarnation to exist. My arguments for reincarnation to be possible are as followed. Many different religions such as Hinduism and Buddhism believe it to be true and have many examples showing the possibility. Depending on the religion, reincarnation can range from souls just traveling to other bodies or animals, seeking to fulfill life lessons. Also, looking at child prodigies, how can one explain the utter talent with no previousRead More Philosophy and Religion Essay791 Words   |  4 Pages The many religions of the world exhibit a large amount of different beliefs and philosophies. Some believe in many gods, some believe in just one god and yet there are those that believe in no god. One of the things that I agree with is that you can not love anything else unless you first learn to love and respect yourself. I also think that after one?s physical body is deceased, you become reincarnated. And lastly, I don?t recognize one god or overall being, but r ather follow the example made byRead MoreResearch Paper : Hinduism ( Bhagavad Gita )1075 Words   |  5 Pages(Bhagavad Gita) Arjuna faces the tough decision of facing his own blood in war as he has to fight against his relatives. As a result we get the distinction of duty and consequences, or deontology and consequentialism. Deontology is the idea that believes that actions are right or wrong in themselves, regardless of their consequence. On the other hand, consequentialism is defined as the position that an action is right if it has good consequences and wrong if it has bad consequences. This is an underlyingRead MoreDeath, Mortality, And The Afterlife938 Words   |  4 Pagesstaying alive, resurrection, soul, a legacy, and wisdom. One of the most historical books that we have of early era is Epic of Gilgamesh. The concept of death, mortality and the afterlife are all the major themes of the book. Gilgamesh who is not fearful of death in his youth and even considers a good death realized that he was not going to be remembered, goes out to make himself immortal with is friend Enkidu. After a battle his b est friend Enkidu gets hurt and dies which makes Gilgamesh brokenRead MoreBeliefs within Aboriginal Spirituality and Buddhism1123 Words   |  4 Pagesends the cycle of reincarnation. Through Aboriginal Spirituality and Buddhism, there are similar themes in beliefs between these religions such as beliefs upon spirits, the circle of balance and afterlife; in which these ideas demonstrate and distinguish the relation between Aboriginal Spirituality and Buddhism. Spirits are known as the souls of a people that are intangible and immortal. Buddhism affiliates spirits as souls of people who are in the constant cycle of reincarnation and suffering.Read MoreEssay on Hinduism and Buddhism1021 Words   |  5 PagesHinduism, a religion were people believe in 300, 000 gods. Even though, Hinduism and Buddhism have different similarities such as believes in god, soul, and rituals, which in some ways connected to each other, both religions believe of what happens after life. Although Buddhism evolved from Hinduism it differs from Hinduism in god beliefs. According to Buddhists there is no God, but they reverence the Buddha and his teachings as though he were one. Buddha, believe in no Atman’s, nor is there a BrahmanRead MoreReincarnation Is A Belief Of The Soul After Death1820 Words   |  8 PagesReincarnation is a belief that has existed since ancient times. Not everybody believes in the theory, but it is also the basis of some religions. Reincarnation is the rebirth of the soul after death, and it is believed to happen to everyone. Some people even have memories of their past lives unlike others. Reincarnation is an intriguing belief that could explain what happens to people after death. I.A. The one person who started the theory of reincarnation is unknown, but there are a fewRead MoreSummary Of Do We Survive Death Essay900 Words   |  4 PagesThesis: The main idea in this chapter is trying to figure out where our souls go after we die. Summary: In the chapter â€Å"Do we survive death.† It talks about both the soul existing and not existing. Socrates’ says that he believes the soul continues to exist and that the soul is better off separated from the body. Socrates also gave a few arguments on whether why he believed the soul still existed. One of his arguments was that the soul cannot be destroyed, like breaking something, it also can’t be burned

Marketing Strategy of Samsung in India Free Essays

string(121) " technical flaws like display in the mobiles, gas kit leakages in frost-free refrigerators etc which are to be improved\." Section B Submitted by –Harsh Golan About Samsung: The Samsung Group is a multinational conglomerate corporation headquartered in Samsung Town, Seoul, South Korea. It is the world’s largest conglomerate by revenue. The Samsung Group is composed of numerous international affiliated businesses, most of them united under the Samsung brand including Samsung Electronics, the world’s largest electronics company, Samsung Heavy Industries, the world’s second largest shipbuilder and Samsung C, a major global construction company. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Strategy of Samsung in India or any similar topic only for you Order Now Samsung has been the world’s most popular consumer electronics brand since 2005 and is the best known South Korean brand in the world. Samsung Group accounts for more than 20% of South Korea’s total exports and is the leader in many domestic industries, such as the financial, chemical, retail and entertainment industries. Samsung India Electronics Private Limited (SIEL) is the Indian subsidiary of the US $55. 2 billion Samsung Electronics Corporation (SEC) headquartered in Seoul, Korea. Headquartered in New Delhi, SAMSUNG India has widespread network of sales offices all over the country. SAMSUNG India is the hub for SAMSUNG’s South West Asia Regional operations. The South West Asia Headquarters looks after the SAMSUNG business in Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Maldives and Bhutan besides India. SAMSUNG India which commenced its operations in India in December 1995 enjoys a sales turnover of over US$ 1Bn in just a decade of operations in the country. From being a virtually unknown entity in the Year 1995, brand SAMSUNG today enjoys an awareness level of over 65% and a positive opinion of over 80% in the country today (source: BAS 2007). Initially, a player only in the Color Televisions segment, it later diversified into color monitors (1999) and refrigerators (2003). Today, it is recognized as one of the fastest growing brands in the sphere of digital technology. SIEL is the market leader in high end digital television (Plasma, LCD). STP APPROACH OF SAMSUNG: Segmentation: Segmenting is the process of dividing the market into segment based on customer characteristics needs. Segmenting consists of: 1. Geographic segmentationation: it is nearly present in 14 countries but has maintained a nearly same price and quality tag worldwide. 2. Demographic segmentation: it has motto of ‘everyone’s invited’ so it produces goods for nearly every segment, from tech-savvy to gamers to middle class family. It has something in sort for you. Targeting: Is the process of focusing on a particular market with a particular product . ?LOCAL MARKET ?TEIR 1 CITIES ?TEIR 2 CITIES NICHE MARKET. Samsung produces goods for both tier1 and tier 2 cities and its nearly all electronic goods are available in both cities. The differences can be seen is the in tier1 cities it has exclusive Samsung showrooms while in tier2 and below cities it usually shares counter with other competitors . Also goods like smart phones and android phones, expensive models of TVs like 3d etc are found in tier1 cities . in tier2 and below cities it becomes a mass producer of electronic items at reasonable cost. Positioning: Samsung has positioned itself as â€Å"Digital technology leader†. In 1990 group chairman, Kun-Hee Lee(Lee), initiated transformation from a low-end OEM into a world-class electronics company and now Samsung came to be perceived as a company with exciting product portfolio. TOP Olympic Sponsor for the 2008 Beijing Olympics and Olympic Partner for the 2008 Olympic Torch Relay. Manavjit Singh Sandhu was its Olympic Brand Ambassador and launched the program ‘Spread the Olympic Flame’ ? APPOINTS OLYMPIC GOLD MEDALIST ABHINAV BINDRA AS BRAND AMBASSADOR FOR ITS CONSUMER ELECTRONICS BUSINESS ? APPOINTS AAMIR KHAN AS ITS BRAND AMBASSADOR FOR MOBILE PHONES ? New, spunky, tagline – ‘Next is What? ’ It is being used in all of ‘Samsung Mobiles’ communication material. Product Strategy: Samsung Electronics India manufactures a wide range of consumer electronics and home appliances. These products include: 1)Mobile phones with the accessories, )Television, Audio player, Video player, 3)Camera, Camcorder, 4)Home appliances, 5)PC, Peripherals and Printers. In the mobile phone industry, Samsung has the second largest share in the market with 19. 6% as per November 2010 consensus. The mobile phone market share is shown in Annexure 1. In the Indian mobile market, Samsung is the second largest player after Nokia with product line extending to over fifty products. The product line includes some of the most preferred mobile phones like Samsung Guru series, Corby series and many more. Recently Samsung has launched its Samsung galaxy series in the Indian market. Samsung is also into manufacturing televisions, audio players, video players, blu-ray players, home theatres and multimedia players. In India, Samsung is the first to bring the concept of LED technology in televisions. Samsung’s products, in this category, are known for their innovativeness and technology . These products are the first preference of the consumers who seek technology at an affordable cost. Samsung also manufactures digital cameras and camcorders. This product category includes world class products like Samsung NX series. Samsung digital cameras offer a diverse product line equipped with the most sought after features. Samsung cameras have always been recognized for their fine technology and optical innovations in such things as auto focus and â€Å"optical zoom† capabilities. These products, though, high on technology are an affordable option for those who have an edge for their photography hobbies. In the home appliances segment, Samsung manufactures refrigerators, microwave ovens, smart ovens, air conditioners and washing machines. All of these products define Samsung’s competitiveness and vision in terms of product innovations like silver nanotechnology, twin cooling etc. At present, Samsung is the leading home appliances manufacturer and many of products are the best in their respective sub-segments. Personal computers, peripherals and printers are also the part of Samsung’s innovative and high-end technology product line. These include laptop notebooks, VDAs, music speakers, Internal and external hard drives, optical disc drives and printers. Though, Samsung is not yet a leader in this segment but its inclination of high end technology shows into these products also. For Samsung, there is still scope for improving their products quality in the Indian market. The products sometimes develop technical flaws like display in the mobiles, gas kit leakages in frost-free refrigerators etc which are to be improved. You read "Marketing Strategy of Samsung in India" in category "Papers" Since, Samsung competes on the basis of the innovation and technology in the current market scenario; this plays a very important role in their major sales not only in India but in the whole world as a whole. As far as the after product service of Samsung is concerned, it needs major improvement in terms of contacting with customers. Since service is intangible, it needs to be provided as quickly as possible. Reducing the retention time in providing value to the customers can add to big advantage for Samsung considering the current market conditions. Place strategy: Samsung electronics employs different place strategies for different products. When we talked to marketing representative he said the whole of Samsung electronics India has divided its distribution systems into various regions on basis of demand and number of dealers per region for example we visited what he called the vidharba region. Samsung uses supply chain to enhance differentiation, increase sales and penetrate new markets and channels. It efficient supply chain is transparent, so that all the players in the supply chain have the right information at the right time about the movement of the products within the chain. This means lower inventories, elimination of waste, and reductions of costs. In addition to the intangible benefits like quick feedback from customers help in launching new products. Samsung has 24 state-level distribution offices and a direct dealer interface. The direct dealer interface helps the company to get quick feedback from dealers, and enables it to launch products according to consumer needs. Samsung also believes in JIT (Just-in-Time) concept to its dealers. To minimize time overruns, Samsung delivered its products directly from its factories to its Regional Dispatch Centers (RDCs) and from there to dealers. SIEL is having three types of distribution system: 1)A one-level channel contains one selling intermediary, such as retailer. 2)A two-level channel contains two intermediaries. In consumer markets, these are a wholesaler and a retailer. 3)A three-level channel contains three intermediaries. Other strategies: †¢Shop-in-shop: Samsung is ensuring a presence in most big malls and multiplexes; even in the multi-brand outlets, as the focus there is to create a shop-in-shop atmosphere. In the shops where we conducted studies we found around 30-50% of counter share was of Samsung. Thus Samsung believes in â€Å"jo dikhta he vo bikta he†. †¢The exclusive showrooms: Samsung India has set up a widespread network of over 80 exclusive showrooms comprising Samsung Digital home (focusing on high-end digital audio-video products such as MP3 players, camcorders and LCD/plasma/3D TVs). The Samsung Digital home goes beyond the concept of a Digital Plaza or a Brand Shop because in it, they are trying to create a more interactive environment and providing a more lifestyle orientation to the display, so that the customer can visualize the products in his/her own home settings. Samsung will add another 30 showrooms to its existing 100-odd this year. Over the next few months, the existing Samsung Digitall Homes will all be rebranded Samsung Plaza, in keeping with the global practice. Until now, India was the only market where Samsung followed a dual showroom strategy – larger (2,500 sq ft and more) outlets were dubbed Samsung Digitall Home, while smaller showrooms were called Samsung Plaza. It is not just about a name change, though. Samsung India also wants uniformity in appearance and sales experience at each of these showrooms – that means an emphasis on product demonstration, not just display. Pricing Strategy: Samsung believes in providing good products at reasonable prices to its customers. Samsung’s technology plank communications helped the company to gain market share, even though it did not offers any discounts or exchange scheme when it entered India. Samsung focuses on cost-cutting measures to keep its price low which helps to combat the discount schemes of the local companies. Samsung drastically reduced its operational costs which enabled the company to keep low prices for certain products and extract higher profit margin from premium products. Samsung India posted revenue of $2. 2 billion last year and this is expected to go up to $3. 5 billion this calendar year. Samsung’s global revenue is $116. 8 billion. The focus of its competitors is to penetrate in the rural and semi-urban mass markets. But Samsung insists that it’s a high end technology driven player. That’s why the urban areas are still a focus area for it and only 30 per cent of revenue comes from rural and semi-urban India. Howsoever in past few years samsung India.. Deputy Managing Director, Ravinder Zutshi says â€Å"Still, focusing on the premium customer will get you only so far – India is still a market powered by volume-growth the current strategy is to gain greater reach among the masses – not through pricing, but through product innovation†. he vehemently rejects the price warrior tag, though. â€Å"Samsung is not a price warrior but today we are as competitively priced as our rivals. The focus is on expansion and deeper market penetration,† he adds â€Å"We are aiming at market leadership not only in the premium category of products but also mass categories like flat televisions† It is difficult to achieve the ambitious targets keeping in mind the pricing strategy of Samsung. But, they believe that it takes time to ensure your supremacy in market share. Once you get your brand perception right in the minds of the consumers as a brand that delivers the best technology and gives you value for money, then ultimately market share goes up. Now Samsung has changed its policy a bit and instead of just remaining a high-end technology driven brand it tried to change its image to sell products to the huge number of middle income families in India. It started pricing its products on the â€Å"value for money† concept, keeping in mind the price sensitivity of Indian consumers. But still Samsung has the repute of being a premium brand, aggressive in launching newer models with the latest technology and at economic costs throughout the world. Promotion Strategy: â€Å"Turn on Tomorrow† â€Å"We are investing aggressively in marketing to transform our company to be truly market driven and to establish our Samsung brand as the most trusted and preferred brand in the market. † – Vice-chairman CEO, Samsung Electronics Promotion stands for various activities the company undertakes to communicate and promote its products to the target market. The Making of a Global Brand When Samsung decided to become globalized, it acquired a new corporate identity by changing its logo and that of the group. In the new logo, the words Samsung Electronics were written in white color on a blue color background to represent stability, reliability and warmth. The words Samsung Electronics were written in English in process of globalization drive. The logo was shaped elliptical representing a moving world – symbolizing advancement and change†¦ To capture the retail market for consumer electronic goods, such as TVs, washing machines and microwave ovens, it formed partnerships with retailing giants like Best Buy. Advertising and Promotional Strategies To promote the ideas, goods or services advertising is important and in this course it launched promotion depicting product transformation into more advanced models, in course of time. This depicts the importance that they give to the research and development and making people understand that they are not just trend followers but are trend setters. Samsung launched corporate advertisements highlighting its technologically superior goods as they entered into the Indian market, and positioned itself in the mindset of consumer as the products are known for its quality like: †¢Samsung branded its products as superior technology and environment friendly ones with refrigerators and ACs incorporate with revolutionary new technology called Silver Nano Health System that ensures freshness and bacteria free environment. Also, it launched the â€Å"Bio† range of products. †¢Launched a special marketing campaign for Flat Tvs including a focused advertising campaign â€Å"Duniya Hai Gol, TV Flat† and attractive exchange offers. Adding to these, Samsung launches an extensive ad campaign in all sorts of media (like print, electronic) whenever a new product is being launched. These create public awareness and add to these media hoarding at major junctions and displays at point of purchases are done. Also, it offers special incentives like price off, patronage rewards, etc during festival season in order to create an incentive to buy the product, and a special ambience is created during the festive offers at the point of purchases to give the feel of Indian nativity of the company. Samsung built trust and confidence by their active promotion and advertising. Associations with various others across the world made the globally known and built its image on its association. †¢The partnership between Samsung mobile and SSAFW (Sanlam South African Fashion Week) shows the fusion of art, fashion and technology. It radiates technological elegance and stylish panache, by joining forces off SSAFW and enhances techno-fashion centered brand. †¢Samsung India associated itself with the ruling passion of Indian consciousness: Cricket. It launched a Team Samsung campaign, which caught the imagination of the entire campaign. Also, in 2004 it bought biggest spectacle debate of this decade to India vs Pakistan cricket series – â€Å"The Samsung Cup†. †¢Not confining itself to cricket, Samsung sponsors the Indian contingent to the Olympics and the Asian Games. It also ran training programmes for deserving Indian athletes under the Olympic Ratna banner. Samsung also helped India to bring the Olympic torch relay to India. †¢Samsung also brings the World Cyber Games, which is regarded as the Olympics of the Cyber World to India every year. †¢In mobile phones, Samsung tied up with a noted painter Satish Gujral for his paintings to be available as downloads on Samsung mobile phones. †¢Product placements were done in movies and popular television serials where Samsung products were set in lifestyle environments. For microwaves, Samsung ran a Kitchen-on-Wheels programme where mobile kitchens with microwave ovens went to various localities demonstrating the advantage of microwave cooking. Sports Partnership (Globally): †¢Samsung sponsored Olympic Winter Games in 1998 and will officially sponsor bOlympic Games and Olympic movements for the next 8 years and this would only enhance their global image. Samsung was official sponsor of telecommunications equipment category from 1998 to 2010. †¢Sponsors of English premiership club Chelsea FC, the premiership known globally and attract a good number of audiences all across the globe. Samsung also signed a partnership deal with Mexican football Team Club Deportivo Guadalajara for six years in 2008 and provides plasma and LCD screens for team’s new stadium Estadio Chivas, indirectly promoting the brand. †¢ In 2009, signed a 3 year deal with Brazillian Football Team Palmeiras, having their logo on shirts and products to the club. †¢Samsung Super League with International Federation for Equestrain Sports and FEI Nations Cup, the world’s oldest and best renowned equestrian series. †¢Also sponsors rugby league team Sydney Roosters in Australian National Rugby League. It is the sponsor of Essendon Football club in A – League. †¢Sponsor of NASCAR Nextel Cup, French People’s Baseball Team, running festival in Taiwan, and professional StarCraft team (Samsung Khan). †¢Official HDTV sponsor of the National Football League (NFL). †¢Official IAAF (International Association of Athletics Federations) partner of 2009 (Berlin, Germany) and 2011 (Daegu, South Korea), IAAF World Championships in Athletics and 2010 IAAF world Indoor Championships. Brand Ambassador: Samsung in India have various brand ambassadors for various divisions. Aamir Khan for mobiles, Priyanka Chopra has been recently chosen as brand ambassador for home appliances, Olympic Gold Medalist Abhinav Bindra for consumer electronic business. Aamir Khan was apart a various ad campaigns like Next is What, Wave, Galaxy series and so on. He is known in the industry as Mr. Perfect and they are using that indirectly to show that their mobiles are perfect. Also as Samsung is sponsor for Olympics the image of Abhinav Bindra, who is the first Indian individual Gold Medallist at Olympics. Annexure 1: Annexure 2: Samsung Product Line Samsung India product line as on the Samsung India website: The product line has been divided into five main categories as shown in the above figure. The mobile phone category has been divided into eight different sub-categories: The Tv/Audio/Video category is divided into five sub-categories: The Camera/Camcorder category contains: The Home appliances category has five main sub-categories: The PC/Peripherals category includes: How to cite Marketing Strategy of Samsung in India, Papers

The Social Learning Theory Essay Example

The Social Learning Theory Essay Social Learning Theory has a rich historical background dating back to late 1800s. In the modern times, Albert Bandura has made enormous contributions in explaining the social context in our learning process. Beginning with his social learning theory in 1977 and refining it to introduce the element of cognition in 1986, Bandura has had a major influence on learning theories. Not stopping there, Bandura then applied his theory to everything from psychotherapy to television violence and to the impact of the mass media. The range of applications of the theory is a reflection of how central it is to the human experience and learning of new behavior. Social learning theory focuses on how we learn, how we think and how the combination of these and the environment impacts on behavior. This has also resulted in the theory being applied to many other areas and merging into various other ideas on the human experience.Theoretical and Therapeutic Aspects of Social Learning TheoryHumans are alway s in the process of learning. Human mind in the early stages of development is just like a blank paper. It registers what it sees, listens, or experiences. It not only gains knowledge but also learns and adapts different patterns of behavior. Besides the formal sources of learning, environment plays a major role and ironically it had been ignored for a long time. From Freud (1856-1939) onwards, various psychologists have identified childhood experiences as a leading cause to deviant behavior. John Bowlby (1907-1990) has argued that the failure of the mother to satisfy her child’s â€Å"basic human need† for emotional security can result in the production of a psychopathic personality. These sociological perspectives of human learning propose that we learn to be deviant or conform to normalcy through the family, mass media, and school, which all form part of the environment. Of all the sociologists and psychologists, Albert Bandura has contributed a great deal towards o ur awareness about leaning within a social context. Bandura not only processed the ingredients of learning theory conceived by previous theorists but also added the element of cognition to the social learning theory. Cognition implied that a person does not have to physically experience something to learn. The learning can also be achieved by changing an individual’s perception. Mass media came under tight scrutiny with the Bandura’s experiments and findings in this regard. Study of social learning theory enables us to be cognizant of the impact of environment on our learning and on the development of our next generations. This paper has been designed to analyze the theoretical and therapeutic aspects of social learning theory. The paper throws some light on the historical background followed by the explanation and general principles of social learning theory. After discussing the process of learning in the social context, the paper will discuss the application of soci al learning theory in childhood and in the field of criminology.Historical Perspective of Social Learning TheorySocial Learning Theory has a rich historical background dating back to late 1800s. The first theory to originate was in 1890 and was termed as ‘The Social Self’ by William James who laid foundation for the study of person and environment interaction. In the early 1900s, Alfred Adler proposed that behavior is purposeful and motivated by pursuit of goals. He further theorized that individual perception and attitude towards social environment significantly influences behavior. According to Adler, a person’s thoughts, feelings and behavior are transactions with one’s physical and social environment. Tolman in 1930 promoted the idea that cognitions are the driving force behind behavior. It was in 1941 that the social leaning theory was officially launched by Miller and Dollard with the publication of their work ‘Social Learning and Imitation.â⠂¬â„¢ Their work augmented the previous ideas that human behaviors are reinforced through environment. Thereafter, many theorists like Watson, Julian Rotter, Rober Sears, Walter Mischel and Ronald Akers expanded the work of Miller and Dollard. It was however Albert Bandura who added a cognitive component to the Social Learning Theory by stating that the behavioral change is not related to direct enforcement, but related to the cognitive processes associated with the experience.Explanation of Social Learning TheoryThe chief proposition of the social learning theory is that the production of both conforming and deviant behavior is the out come of the same learning process in a context of social structure, interaction, and situation. In simple words, whatever we learn is basically the observation and modeling of behavior, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others. The theory offers an explanation of the acquisition, maintenance, and change in behavior that embraces social, nonsocial , and cultural factors operating both to motivate and control deviant behavior and both to promote and undermine conformity (Seamon Kenrick, 1994).Social learning theory initially emerged as a subset of the behavioral approach.   This approach remained focused on observable behaviors, but Bandura added a cognitive component to this theory. It considers that people learn from one another, including such concepts as observational learning, imitation, and modeling. In 1961 a paper was published by Bandura, Ross, and Ross describing an experiment into how children learn by observation. The experiment involved preschool children watching an adult be violent toward a large inflated clown doll.   When the children were left alone with the doll, many were observed copying the actions of the adults and being violent toward the doll. Another group of children saw the adults acting aggressively but also saw the adults punished for their actions. This group of children was less likely to c opy the actions of the adults. Later, these children were offered rewards if they copied the aggressive actions of the adults. The majority of the children offered rewards did copy the actions of the aggressive adults despite the punishments they had observed (Bandura, 1977).The observations of this experiment led to various components of Bandura’s social learning theory.   Firstly, it showed that children learn not just by their own behaviors, but also by observing the behaviors of others.   Secondly, it showed that the learning process was not just one of copying. If this was the case, the children would have been violent toward the doll whether or not they observed the adult being punished. This showed that both actions and the observed results of those actions determine what is learned, with this process requiring cognitive processes. Finally, it showed that other factors were also important in determining the resulting behavior. When children observed punishment, the y did not act violently. However, when they were provided with rewards, they did. This showed that other factors have impact on the cognitive processing that occurs. These aspects are all present in the social cognitive theory described by Bandura.Social learning theory is also important in regards to antisocial behaviors.   One area that has received a lot of attention recently is the issue of violence in society. As noted earlier, a major component of social learning/cognitive theory is that individuals learn by observing others. In the modern world, this does not only mean observing actual events. Instead, it also means observing films, music videos, and television programs. With these as a major influence, individuals learn their behaviors from what is observed from media. A detailed discussion on this aspect will be made in the application segment of this paper.General Principles of Social Learning TheoryHuman development is a complex process which involves an intricate relat ionship of a person with others, the persons behavior, and the environment. The interaction between these elements is generally referred to as the reciprocal determinism. The social learning theory emphasizes that a persons cognitive abilities, environment, physical characteristics, personality, beliefs and attitudes influence a person’s behavior through a process of continuous learning (Bandura, 2001). This interaction is however reciprocal; not only a person’s behavior is affected by all these elements but a persons behavior can also affect his/her feelings about these elements. As it is a common perception that the upcoming generation is always wiser than the former one, the reason is simple. The learning environment available today was not there in older times. The major environmental learning resources in the form of television, computers, and print media are providing the amount of information to the young minds which was unimaginable in the past. These environme ntal resources on one hand are contributing heavily to the learning of children and on the other hand are also shaping their behavior. This discussion leads us to the general principles of social learning theory which are derived from the same presumptions. The general principles of social learning theory are summarized below:People learn the most from their environment which is generally based on observing the behavior of others and the outcomes of those behaviors.Learning can take place even without reflecting a change in the behavior. Behaviorists generally argue that a permanent change in the behavior will represent the acquiring of new knowledge but the social learning theorists believe otherwise. The social learning theory rests on the principle that learning can even be possible without a considerable or a permanent change in the behavior. People can learn through observation alone, their learning may not necessarily be shown in their performance.Major contribution of Bandura towards the social learning theory is adding the principle of cognition. Cognition plays a vital role in learning. Perception of a person can be modified even without any interaction with others. Awareness and expectations of future reinforcements or punishments can have a major effect on the behaviors that people exhibit.The Process of Social LearningThe social learning theory encompasses of four processes that form the basis of learning. These processes are Attention, Retention, Motivation, and Motor Reproduction. Observational learning can not commence without acquiring attention of the learner. In our daily lives, we walk down the streets but are seldom distracted unless something catches our attention. A fight going on at some place, a scene of an accident or a distinctive billboard advertisement will force us unwittingly to stop and observe. The same human instinct is exploited by the mass media as well. A sensational news item or new themes in the commercials are all meant t o get our attention. In nut shell, the first step in the process of learning is to attract the attention of the learner. Another important aspect of ‘attention’ is that besides being unique and sensational, the theme has to be appealing since different people are attracted by different things. Most people would not stop to see a fight going on, but few will do that. Similarly, most people will be attracted to a unique advertisement, but few people will not be impressed.The second component of the process of learning is ‘Retention.’ In order to reproduce the modeled behavior, the individuals must code the information into their long-term memory. Unless a modeled behavior is registered in the memory, the process of learning does not proceed further. There may be numerous behaviors we observe each day but we do not put them in our memory for two reasons. Either the behaviors we observed did not attract out attention or we too complex/verbose to be understood a nd retained in the memory.   For example, a verbal description of a person performing an act by somebody may not get registered in our minds as against if we had observed the same ourselves. The process of retention is important not only for storing information in our mind but a good retention helps in accurate retrieval of the same as well. The process of retention is not related to our liking or disliking. If a certain incident or a modeled behavior has attracted our attention, it may get registered in our minds even if we did not like it.The third and fourth components of the process of learning are closely knitted. Motor Reproduction involves the physical reproduction of the observed activity through physical capability, self-observation and feedback. The process of learning however still takes place even if we are capable of reproducing the learnt behavior but decline to adopt it. This is the essence of social learning theory. We, in fact do not only learn to follow the suit for a reward but also learn to avoid certain kinds of modeled behavior for the fear of consequences. This process of learning is called motivation or reinforcements. The reinforcements comprises of external, vicarious and/or self-reinforced motivation. In this process, the observer expects to receive positive reinforcements for the modeled behavior. Differential reinforcement refers to the balance of anticipated or actual rewards and punishments that follow or are consequences of behavior. The reproduction of modeled behavior will therefore depend upon the level of motivation which is generated by either the urge for reward or the fear of punishment, forcing us to act accordingly. Another important aspect of motor reproduction is that the balance of reinforcement may motivate a person to reproduce learnt deviant behaviors even in the face of their own definitions unfavorable to those acts. Reproduction of deviant behavior is however more likely when both the reinforcement balance an d the balance of one’s own definitions are in the same deviant direction (Simons et al, 2004).Application of Social Learning TheoryChildren who mimic various behaviors of their parents are engaged in social learning. One of the key principles of social learning theory is that individuals will be more likely to adopt modeled behavior if it is activity they value and if the model holds admired status. Major assumption of Banduras social learning theory is that we can learn by observing others. The most suited stage of human development for observational learning is the early childhood. Children are the finest observers of environment. They are easily attracted to every thing and they retain whatever they see. They do not require much of the motivation and hence tend to reproduce the modeled behaviors disregarding any consequences. Applicability of social learning theory on children therefore resulted in the idea of ‘prepared environment’ most suited to their learni ng needs.Bandura’s main emphasis has remained on the application of social learning theory on children. In this regard, Bandura’s apprehensions of the role of mass media are of prime importance. Bandura warned that children and adults acquire attitudes, emotional responses, and new styles of conduct through filmed and televised modeling (Bandura, 1989). A change in behavior and attitude is very obvious in children spending too much time in front of television screens. Not paying heed to elder’s instructions, replying in a rude manner, poor education results, and preferring an isolated life are few to name the symptoms of   a changing behavior pattern. Furthering the effects of mass media, children do not spend enough time on some healthier activity resulting into gaining weight. They are also attracted to unhealthier food by watching commercials during childrens programs. By watching violence, children learn that it is okay to use force to handle aggression an d settle disagreements (Paik ; Comstock, 1994).Application of social learning theory provides us enough evidence that media violence dictates children to behave aggressively toward others. They learn to use violence instead of self-control to take care of problems or conflicts. Violence in media may make children more accepting of real-world violence and less caring toward others. Children who see a lot of violence from movies, TV shows, or video games start seeing the real world as a cruel and scary place. Television also exposes children to adult behaviors, prematurely. Television programs often depict sexual activity as normal, fun, exciting, and without any risks. The children usually copy the same to feel more grown up. Casual but continuous dose of televised messaging can pollute young minds (Borgatta ; Montgomery, 2000). Children are exposed to messages that say drinking alcohol and smoking cigarettes or cigars are normal activities. Commercials would portray strong and sexy people indulging in such activities. They would never highlight side effects of these things. Beer and wine are some of the most advertised products on television. It is estimated that an average child sees more than 20,000 commercials each year. Constant dose of commercials can even cause changes in behavioral patterns of children. They can easily remember marketing slogans or catchy phrases and try to imitate them accordingly. An evidence of negative effects of violence on television was also provided through a series of experimental studies conducted under supervision of US Surgeon General in 1972. The experiments proved that children adopt violent behaviors in their plays if they are exposed to viewing violence on television (Borgatta ; Montgomery, 2000).The field of criminology is based on the major hypotheses of social learning theory. Sutherland, who is called as the father of American criminology was a strong proponent of the idea that the criminal behavior is learned in int eraction with others in a process of communication (Sutherland, 1947). On the similar lines, Albert Bandura promoted that aggression is learned through a process called behavior modeling (Bandura, 1977). Negating the old assumptions of biological and inheritance tendencies, Bandura emphasized that people learn aggressive responses from observing others, either personally or through the media and environment. His definition of motivation or reinforcements included a reduction of tension, gaining financial rewards, gaining the praise of others, and building self-esteem.The social learning theory explains deviancy by combining variables which encouraged delinquency with variables that discouraged delinquency. The theory declares that all behavior is learned in much the same way as other behaviors. The application of social learning theory in the field of criminology can not be narrowed down to one particular group of criminals. It can be applied to most criminals and crimes that produc e a gain which can be psychological in the form of positive attention from other group members, or physical/material. The social learning theory is however best applied to behavior within groups which offer reinforcement, such as gangs, peer groups, or social groups (Akers, 1998).In the field of criminology, the social learning theory has a major limitation too. It focuses solely on the interaction between the individual and the social group, and totally ignores the individual differences or social context. These individual differences may be biological, psychological, or the result of other factors, and may affect the interaction between the individual and the social group. The theory also ignores the inborn characteristics of individuals. Two individuals brought up in the same learning environment and having same social setting, may act differently in the same given situation. Various personality traits of criminals like guts (dare devils), impulsivity, lack of remorse, hyper-sexu ality, and inability to resist temptation are more of neurological impairment and genetic disorders. Total disregard of such forces in the social learning context makes it difficult for the social learning theorists to explain the process of learning deviant behavior.ConclusionSocial learning theory is a general theory of human behavior, which proposes that environment plays an important role in development of different behaviors in individuals. Various social scientists and particularly Bandura expanded its scope and applied it on children to explain as to how we learn from the modeled behavior. The theory helps us in understanding the negative impacts of mass media on children and adolescents who acquire attitudes, emotional responses, and new styles of conduct through filmed and televised modeling. The theory also explains the deviant behavior as the outcome of our interaction with others and our learning from the environment.