The play of to Kill a Mocking Bird. Discuss how you would produce :: English Literature

The play of to Kill a Mocking Bird. Discuss how you would produce the incident in which Atticus shoots the rabid dog "The play of To Kill a Mocking Bird" was adapted from a novel by Harper Lee. The story is set in Maycomb, Alabama in 1935, when racism was rife. The play deals with racism and shows how the blacks were exploited. The play is split into two acts; Act One is about a black man being wrongly accused of raping a white woman. It is in Act Two that the audience finds out that the legal system would wrongly convict a man, just because he is black. There are many incidents which occur in this play, but the one I am going to consider is when Atticus shoots the rabid dog. The part of the play where the incident of Atticus shooting the rabid dog occurs starts with Jean. At this point the spot light would be on Jean as she steps onto the stage and starts speaking. The incident is introduced when she says:- "Then a few weeks later something happened- something that made our father even more of a puzzle. The tension in the town about the approaching trial was getting drum-tight, but what happened had nothing to do with that - it had to do with a liver coloured bird dog called Tim." While Jean says that she would probably be standing at the front of the stage in the spot light. Behind her would be the set; which would comprise of the front of houses in Maycomb. At this point Jem and Scout would enter the stage, with Jem pulling Scout, and talking about Tim; although they do not realise he has rabies. Soon after, Calpurnia, a black housekeeper, would come onto the stage, as though she has just come out of the house; she would be wiping her hands on a tea towel. Calpurnia is not interested in the dog at this moment as she says in a sharp tone:- "What is it Jem? I can't come out every time you want me." It is not until Jem imitates the dogs actions - gulping like a gold fish and hunching his shoulders - that Calpurnia becomes interested. Unsure as to whether to believe Jem, Calpurnia points her finger at Jem and says with her voice hardening:- 'You tellin' me a story, Jem Finch? Jem goes on to explain how the dog is moving, he says 'Just moseyin' - but walkin' funny.' It is then that Calpurnia realises that the dog has rabies, and so hurries inside to call for help. At this point, she would have a

Overcoming Pt Lapindo Brantas Case

Civics Individual Paper OVERCOMING PT. LAPINDO BRANTAS HOT MUD CASE By: Aditya Rahman Sulaiman 10/HK/295884/19279 International Undergraduate Programme Lapindo hot mud flood case or we usually called it â€Å"banjir lumpur panas Lapindo† is an event of the unstoppable mud gush in Kecamatan Porong, Kabupaten Sidoarjo, Jawa Timur and this accident have been happened since 29 may 2006. There are 2 views of the cause of this Lapindo hut mud flood case.First, some scholars said that the primary cause of this event was because drilling mistakes and technical problems. Other theory said that it was happened because natural disaster, this theory explaining that sooner or later hot mud gush will be arise, the lapindo’s mining activity is only the trigger. First theory believes that there is an eror in the mining activity, PT. LAPINDO is suspected not doing a proper procedure in using the correct brace and bit (mata bor), they use it within different depth which has different thi ckness and causing a fault.In the begininning, PT LAPINDO won a drilling well tender called â€Å"pengeboran sumur Banjar Panji-1† from PT Medici Citra Nusantara as worth as US$24 million. PT LAPINDO was planning to drill the well until 8500 feet or 2590 meter depth. In order to reach that depth, infiltrate the Kujung layer (lapisan batu gamping), anticipate circulation loss potency (losing mud from the formation cause a high density liquid or mud come up) and kick potency (infiltration of other fluide to the upper layer), normally PT LAPINDO is needed to use a casing for its brace and bit.Running their work, PT LAPINDO has already used 30 inch casing for 150 feet depth, 20 inch casing for 1195 feet, 16 inch casing for 2385 feet and casing 13-3/8 inch for 3580 feet until 9297 feet, they only not yet put the last casing, the 9-5/8 inch casing for reach the Kujung layer in 8500 feet. The fact is, PT LAPINDO has a wrong prognosis a drilling term which briefly means drilling meth od of some points. They make a prognosis in different areas, they making a research of the Kendeng Zone but they drill at the Rembang Zone they assume such areas has same layers, due to those areas are closed enough .They estimate that in the drilling point, Kujung layer will obstruct them at 8500 feet depth, actually there is no Kujung layer within areas. They used some casing which they are don’t necessary need to use and make an accident. As consequences, an overpressure mud is blow out to the upper layer in mining process, the lower layer had already broken rapidly and not suitable with PT LAPINDO method. Then, after reaching 9297 feet the brace and bit touches limestone (batu gamping).LAPINDO thought that the target at Kujung formation has been achieved, in fact they only reach Klitik zone (also a limestone formation but has different density and porousity). Commensurate with mining procedure, LAPINDO use a mining pump to prevent the hot mud come up. The porousity of Kli tik zone made the covering mud been spread over that zone and circulation loss happen. After the covering mud losing, kick was happened, the hot mud tried to achived upper layer due to density difference.Following the mining procedure, mining process was stopped and the brace and bit has been tried to be lifted up. Unfortunately, the brace and bit was stuck and been cut. A Blow Out Preventer (BOP) on the rig has been closed and another weight mud which has a big number of density was pumped down in order to stopping the kick. Another unexpected mud activity happned, because layer is so porous and the Blow Out Preventer (BOP) was already placed, the hot mud was trying to find other way. Condition and natural fissures of such soil also could be a factor why this kick –ing accident is happen.Since this surface blow out accident happened, the hot mud is not been stopped yet. The odd things is all of the document and mining procedure especially about casing installation is already accepted by BP MIGAS as a responsible bodied of mining. On the other hand, some scholars says that this accident is more like natural disaster called Mud Volcano, a layer that has high density mud which presume can provide a mountan if such mud going out to the ground surface, sooner or later a kind of things will happen just matter of time.Prof Dr Sukendar Asikin, master of geology from ITB (Instititut Pertanian Bandung) said that hot mud comes up because there is a tectonic movement below. The movement arise from a collision of Watukosek faulting zone, this faulting zone located on Australia faulting belt and pasifik which continually moving 5,3 cm/year. When the collision happen the hot mud find out way to blow out from any space mostly from a porous rock or layer. A foreign scholar, Dr Amanda Clarke, a master and lecturer from geology in Arizona State Universiy has already observing this Sidoarjo case 2 times.In addition, she said that based in geology map, Sidiarjo mud sprout on the straight line between Penagunggan mountain, Weliran mountain and Arjuno mountain which kown as Watukosek fault. The streamline has a weak and thin structure, a fluide can be easily arise. Furthermore, an international event for scholars has tried to make a consent regarding couse of Sidoarjo hot mud case. An International Conference and Exhibition which is held by American Association of Petroletum Geologist on 26th until 29th 2008 in Cape Town International Conference Center, South Africa provide 4 arguments.The arguments are; 3 scholars are agree that this accident happen in relation with Jogjakarta’s earthquake, 42 scholars are agree that Lapindo mining process it the main factor, this accident happened based on combination between mining process and Jogjakarta’s earthquake is accepted by 13 scholars, and the rest 16 sholars said that they can not determine what the problem yet, based on that data we conclude that more that half scholars attended are agree th at Lapindo mining process it the main cause of this accident.This case has been even bigger, not only an accident but the effect on the society is being worse. Talking further about the effect, at least we have 3 major effect on the socity such as social, economic and environmental. In social effect, people around Sidoarjo are losing their houses, feel a bad sanitation, psychologically interfered, health disturbed, lack of education (some schools are closed) and many more. Can you imagine if such accident to you? Houses is the most important aspect that Sidoarjo case affected people, people around Sidoarjo doesn’t have any places to stay.In economic field, financing problem of course happen, people around Sidoarjo mostly jobless by a breaking farm or other materials which is covered by hot mud, and accessibility from Surabaya to Magelang or to east direction are closed decreasing economic activity within Sidoarjo area. In the environmental effect, most of natural resources wi thin Sidoarjo areas are broken, after covered by hot mud a farm doesn’t had any function , a pure and clean lake which people use for wash also has no function anymore and a stinky smell from the mud also affected people.Solution and legal enforce of Lapindo’s hot mud case are going slow. Compensation that PT LAPINDO already provides is not distributed equally to the LAPINDO’s hot mud victims. The LAPINDO’s people said that compensation has been given directly by providing cash as much as Rp 2. 500. 000, 00 / meter square damageand transportation money compensation as much as Rp 500. 00, 00 / family (based on tempointeraktif. com date 29 october 2006). The amount of compensation is not firmly publicly determined, because this number has already changed through time, some newspaper said that the compensation is equal as Rp 15. 00. 000,00 per family. In fact, not all of the victims are know about this compensation procedure, the other who get this compensat ion also said that the cash distribution is not as much as what they have been promised previously. Republika newspaper date 27 august 2010 state that Aburizal Bakrie as owner of PT. LAPINDO affiliation company said that personally he has provided moreless Rp 7. 800. 000. 000,00 rupiah and he agree that this accident was because â€Å"Mud Volcano† theory.The government is seems to be not care enough to this case, as an evidence a government regulation in Sidoarjo case, the Presidential decree number 17 year 2007 is firstly arise 1 year after the accident happen. The Presidential decree number 17 year 2007 also not stipulating anything about PT LAPINDO punishment or compensation, briefly this decree mention about create a Overcoming Disaster Bodied (badan penganggulangan bencana) which shall handle and find a way out about effects of hot mud cases towards society.Moreover, The PT. LAPINDO BRANTAS is proven guilty by not following AMDAL RULES and another rules as follows; a) Un dang-Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2001 tentang Minyak dan Gas Bumi b) Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 1997 tentang Pengelolaan lingkungan Hidup c) Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 1997 tentang Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1997 Nomor 68, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 3699) d) Undang-Undang Nomor 32 tahun 2004 tentang Pemerintahan daerah e) EtcThere is an opinion of some people which said that this hot mud case is not solved yet, because people in government are politically affected by Aburizal Bakrie power. They said that our president itself used his money for the previous presidential general election and he looks like protecting Aburizal Bakrie. These kind of opinion are can’t be proved and only like political issues. Yet, the PT LAPINDO is been closed but the overcoming disaster still doesn’t work well. Basically, the government has to provide help using its Overcoming Disaster money which stated in State Budget.Actual ly, the government has done something but it is not equal with amount of hot mud case total damage. Many solutions have been tried regarding this case, the most better one is making the rig relief well. Such cases have happened in Australia and can be solved by this method. The problem is, rig relief well which is done by Pertamina is not runned continually, scholars approximates this rig relief well will be finish within 6 months but accompanied by some political issues, this Pertamina rig relief well making postponed or even stopped after 2 months (it is not firmly stated that this methods will be run again).In my opinion, this hot mud case will be finish fastly if the the political issues doesn’t mix up with the case. Aburizal Bakrie and his political power interfere our nation overcoming disaster. The government should act more firm and clear in making decision or further solution. This case also could be an evidence that our nation overcoming disaster is still need to be repaired. ENCLOSURE 1. 1 Mining Tools Lyte Limited Terafiliasi Kelompok Bakrie Kalila Energi Limited Pan Asia Enterprice Limited PT Energi Mega Persada Tbk (EMP) 15,76% 84,24% 1. 2 Bakrie’s Affiliated Companys 1. 3 Potrait of Society After the Accident Happen

A Question Of Vaccinization - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1601 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/07/31 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Topics: Vaccines Essay Did you like this example? Introduction: MEMORIZED Attention getter: At the beginning of the 20th century, the most serious threat to human life and well-being was infectious disease. Outbreaks of diseases such as diphtheria and pertussis were common, and mortality was significant; 160 of every 1000 children born at the turn of the century died of an infectious disease before the age of 5 stated Ellenberg, author for the Journal of the U.S. Public Health Service. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Question Of Vaccinization" essay for you Create order And currently the childrens hospital of Philadelphia, author of History of Vaccines, states that Each year, about 85 percent of the worlds children receive vaccines that protect them against tuberculosis, polio, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, and measles. These vaccines save about 2.5 million lives. Despite this success, more than 3 million people die from vaccine-preventable diseases each year. Slope: What are vaccines? According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), vaccines protect children by working with their bodys natural defenses. They reduce a persons risk of infection by working with the bodys natural defenses to help a person safely develop immunity to disease. (HYPOPHORA) THESIS: Parents must be required to vaccinate their children in order to protect them, as well as the public, from dangerous epidemics. This will doubtlessly diminish the danger(ALLITERATION)   of life-threatening diseases from reappearing across the country. Body Reason #1 We should require parents to vaccinate their children, as well as themselves, because vaccines protect each individual from getting infectious diseases and save lives. EVIDENCE According to Ventola, a medical writer for Pharmacy and Therapeutics journal, (ETHOS) The incidence, prevalence, morbidity, and mortality of many communicable diseases have significantly decreased in Western countries largely because of national immunization strategies aimed at infants and children. It has been estimated that for each U.S. birth cohort receiving recommended childhood immunizations, around 20 million illnesses and more than 40,000 deaths are prevented Explain: This displays how effective it is for children to be vaccinated. The more people who are vaccinated, the more people will be immune to diseases, and the more people in our country will be safe from these diseases returning in the future.(ANAPHORA) In addition, many of the available vaccines were created to prevent very dangerous and even deadly diseases, diseases that can be especially harmful to infants and young children.(ANADIPLOSIS) Because of this, the CDC also states that vaccination is one of the best ways parents can protect their children from 14 diseases before the age of two. Vaccines are especially important due to their ability to imitate infections, triggering our immune systems to develop antibodies that work to fight diseases. These antibodies prepare our bodies to quickly and safely fight epidemics if we get infected. Also, Polio, diphtheria, smallpox, measles and whooping cough are a few of the illnesses that have been exterminated in the U.S. due to immunization programs. According to Wendel, author for the Tribune News Service, The Centers for Disease control estimates that nearly 750,000 American children were saved from 1994 to 2014 because of vaccines. Clearly vaccines are very effective when it comes to protecting children. Vaccines protect and save and enhance our lives.   (POLYSYNDETON) Reason #2 We should require vaccines because not only do they protect oneself from infectious diseases, but they also protect the community from these diseases. EVIDENCE   Even though many diseases may be rare in the US, they still occur in other countries around the world. They still are out there.(ANAPHORA) Because we live in a world where global travel is common, it is possible that these diseases, once eradicated in the US. An example of this occurred in 2015. A large scale, multistage outbreak of measles occurred that was thought to originate with an overseas traveler who visited Disneyland in California. The majority of those who contracted measles, which had been eliminated in the US since 2000, were unvaccinated. Stories like this emphasize the importance of maintaining high vaccination rates in the US. It is important to understand the benefits vaccines provide a community. According to Ventola, when a large population is immunized, unvaccinated individuals benefit from ?herd immunity, which is a reduced risk of exposure to pathogens. By requiring vaccines to be administered, those who cannot receive vaccinations due to medical or other compli cations such as compromised immune system, will be protected. How would you feel if a young child became seriously ill with a disease because they were too young or had a medical condition that they were not able to receive the vaccination?(RHETORICAL QUESTION) What if you and your community could have received this vaccine and prevented it from spreading to this child?(Appeal to Pathos) Ventola also stated, [parents who consciously choose not to vaccinated their children] has caused a resurgence of may infectious diseases due to the loss of herd immunity Parents choosing to claim exemptions from vaccination requirements puts our communities at increased risks. Ventola asserts 1% to 3% of children are excused from immunizations for medical reasons, religious grounds, and philosophical objections. In some communities she acknowledges exemption rates can be as high as 20%! However, even low exemption rates puts our children and communities at a higher risk. Not getting vaccinated puts not only yourself at risk, but also others in your community who may be defenseless against the disease at no choice of their own(PATHOS). Would you want to be the one responsible for causing another persons illness if you knew it could have been prevented by getting a vaccination? Probably not (Hypophora).If the majority of people in the U.S. arent vaccinated, and infectious diseases sp read too quickly, thousands of people will die, and the world will suffer greatly. Therefore everyone needs to be vaccinated to protect our world. (APPEAL TO FEAR) Counterargument: Some people say that vaccines are not safe, contain harmful ingredients, and may even cause a person to get sick. EVIDENCE According to Tim Wendel, Some parents are convinced that the side effects are so serious that they refuse to have their children vaccinated. They are ignoring the science and the stories of families who once prayed that a specific remedy would be available for public use. Vaccines are in fact safe and this has been proven by major medical organizations. Parents need to stop worrying about what the vaccine vial contains, and more about what they are protecting their child from. Why do people disagree with vaccines you ask? Well, people may think that vaccines are the reason that people develop illness.(HYPOPHORA) Vaccines may cause a person to have minor symptoms such as a fever, but these symptoms are very common and should be expected. They are not nearly as bad as symptoms you would receive from the disease the vaccine prevents. And is a very common thing to occur as their body builds immunity. In addition, it was a very popular opinion for people during the 20th century to believe that vaccines were the cause of autism in children. Autism rates in developing countries had been rising in the past few decades, there is no evidence that vaccines were the cause. According to the History of Vaccines, Beginning in the 1990s, our understanding of the spectrum of autism has expanded greatly, and now individuals who would most likely previously not have been thought of as having autism may be classified with one of a variety of ASDs. Could it be possible that autism was in fact more easily diagnosable as medical technology advanced? And that this happened during the same time period as vaccines took off? (RHETORICAL QUESTIONS) The History of Autism again states, Vaccines have perhaps receive more scrutiny than any other speculated cause of ASD, and the great majority of scientists, physicians, and public health researchers have come to the conclusion that there is no association between vaccines and autism. And lastly, according to the CDC, safety monitoring begins with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), who ensures the safety, effectiveness, and availability of vaccines for the United States. Before the FDA approves a vaccine for use by the public, highly trained FDA scientists and doctors evaluate the results of studies on the safety and effectiveness of the vaccines, therefore we know that vaccines are safe and can be trusted.   Conclusion  Ã‚   MEMORIZED Restate Thesis: As you can see, parents must vaccinate their children. This will presumably eliminate the possibility of life-threatening diseases from reappearing across the country. This will help protect children and adults from various diseases, saving thousands of lives. Summarize main ideas: Parents should be required to vaccinate their children, as well as themselves, because vaccines protect each individual as well as the community.  Ã‚   And although some people say that vaccines are not safe, contain harmful ingredients, and may even cause a person to get sick, there is no evidence to support this suspicion. Profound statement/call to action: Dont sit back, help protect yourself and others for dangerous diseases. Give vaccines a shot! (ZEUGMA) Works Cited Ellenberg, Susan S., and Robert T. Chen. The Complicated Task of Monitoring Vaccine Safety. Public health reports, 1997, pp. 10-21. SIRS Issues Researcher, https://sks.sirs.com. Global Immunization: Worldwide Disease Incidence | Childrens Hospital Of Philadelphia. Chop.Edu, 2018,https://www.chop.edu/centers-programs/vaccine-education-center/global-immunization/diseases-and-vaccines-world-view. Parents | Making The Vaccine Decision | CDC. Cdc.Gov, 2018, https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/parents/vaccine-decision/index.html. Ventola, C Lee. Immunization in the United States: Recommendations, Barriers, and Measures to Improve Compliance: Part 1: Childhood Vaccinations P T : a peer-reviewed journal for formulary management vol. 41,7 (2016): 426-36. Wendel, Tim. Pro: Evidence Favoring Vaccination is Overwhelming. TCA News Service, 29 Mar. 2018. SIRS Issues Researcher,https://sks.sirs.com. Do Vaccines Cause Autism? | History Of Vaccines. Historyofvaccines.Org, 2016, https://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/articles/do-vaccines-cause-autism