Hamburger - Patty Essay Example for Free

Hamburger Patty Essay How Many Hamburgers? The data: Charlie sells around 12 cases of hamburgers weekly. †¢Each case contains 80 hamburgers †¢Each hamburger patty costs $. 60 New vender offer is: †¢Week 1 order: 50 cases at $. 30 per patty †¢Then 15 cases for the next 12 weeks at $. 45 per patty Question 1. How many hamburgers does Charlie normally sell during the period of the contract? Charlie normally sells 12480 hamburgers during the period of the contract. 80 hamburgers (12 cases) = 960 hamburgers a week 960 hamburgers a week (13 weeks) = 12480 hamburgers during the period of the contract (13 weeks) 2. What is the total cost of the hamburger inventory for the period? The total cost of the hamburger inventory for the period is 28. 00. 12480 hamburgers ($0. 60) = $7488. 00 during the period of the contract. 3. How many hamburgers will Charlie need to purchase under the new vendor contract? Charlie will need to purchase 18400 hamburgers under the new vendor contract of 13 weeks. 50 cases (80 hamburgers) = 4000 hamburgers for week 1 15 cases (80 hamburgers) (12 weeks) = 14400 hamburgers for the next 12 weeks 4000 hamburgers (week 1) + 14400 hamburgers (12 weeks) = 18400 hamburgers during the period of the contract of 13 weeks. 4. What is the total cost of this inventory? The total cost of the hamburger inventory for the period is $7680. 00. 4000 hamburgers ($0. 30) = $1200. 00 14400 hamburgers ($0. 45) = $6480. 00 $1200. 00 + $6480. 00 = $7680. 00 during the period of the contract. 5. What is the average cost of a hamburger under this deal? (Round to the nearest cent. ) The average cost of a hamburger under the new deal is $0. 42 $7680. 00 / 18400 hamburgers = $0. 42 (. 4173†¦.. 3) 6. What is the percent savings per hamburger under the new deal? The percent savings per hamburger under the new deal is 30 % $0. 60 $0. 42 = $0. 18 $0. 18 / $0. 60 = . 3 .3 (100) = 30% 7. What is the total cost savings? If Charlie accepts the new deal, rather than buying the same amount of burgers from his current vendor, what is the total cost savings? The total cost saving is $3360. 00 $11040. 00 $7680. 00 = $3360. 00 8. If hamburger sales remain stable at 12 cases per week during this period, how many hamburgers will Charlie have remaining in inventory at the end of 13 weeks? The remaining inventory at the end of 13 weeks is 5920 hamburgers 13 weeks (12 cases per week) (80 hamburgers) = 12480 hamburgers 18400 hamburgers – 12480 hamburgers = 5920 hamburgers. 9. If hamburger sales remain stable at 12 cases per week into the future, how many weeks will it take to sell the remaining hamburgers? (Round to the nearest week. ) It will take Charlie about 6 weeks to sell the remaining hamburgers after the contract period ends. 50 cases (week 1) + (15 cases * 12 weeks) = 230 cases in inventory 12 cases per week (13 weeks) = 156 cases sold in 13 weeks 230 cases – 156 cases sold = 74 cases remaining 74 cases remaining / 12 cases sold per week = 6 weeks (6. 166666†¦.. ) 10. If Joe can figure out a way to sell 14 cases a week, how many weeks will it take to sell the entire new vendor inventory? (Round to the nearest week. ) If Joe can figure out a way to sell 14 cases a week, it will take him about 16 weeks to sell the entire new inventory. 230 cases in inventory / 14 cases per week = 16 weeks (16. 428†¦. ) 11. Beyond the price per patty savings, what factors should Joe consider when advising Charlie whether or not to take the new deal? Some factors Joe should consider is will they have to pay the entire cost up front? Or can they make weekly payments? What are the payment terms on the new contract? Will they have enough space in the freezer to take in 50 cases and then another 15 cases per week for the next 12 weeks? Will they be able to sell the hamburger fast enough to store the rest of the cases if they don’t have enough room? Will they be able to sell the all hamburgers before they expire or go bad? If they don’t sell all the cases by the end of 13 weeks, will the next shipment come in and then they are over stock? Will the quality of the new patties be as good as the one they currently have? Will the customers like the new patties? Will they be able to sample the new patties before they decide to sign the contract? 12. The price per patty quoted by the new vendor is attractive, but is this a good deal for the restaurant? If the customers like the new patties, they have enough room in the freezer, and the patties will keep fresh for a long enough time, I think that the deal is great for the restaurant. 13. Beyond the cost savings, what other factors need to be considered before buying a lot more hamburgers than you have sold in the past? I think I cover the answer to this question in question 11. (Please refer to question 11) 14. How can Joe make this deal more attractive to Charlie? Joe can make this deal more attractive to Charlie by explaining that the restaurant will save about 30% per patty. Work out a deal with the vendor that if they are not satisfied with the new patties within a certain time frame they would be able to cancel the contract and explain it to Charlie the risk is minimum. If the patties are as good quality or better than the patty they currently have, the sales would stay the same or get better with better quality patties.

Conflicts in Romantic Relationships: A Literature Review

Conflicts in Romantic Relationships: A Literature Review Amanda Bjork Conflict. We all experience conflicts, arguments, or fights in our lives and in our relationships. It is present for and affects everyone, whether they have have platonic, intimate, close, friendly, or other types of relationships. Conflict exists whether someone is fifteen or fifty five years of age, but what does change are the topics causing the conflict. Conflicts within romantic relationships can lead to yelling, tears, hurt feelings, and sometimes even broken things, including broken hearts. Understanding the topics of conflict within romantic relationships is important because people sometimes express their frustrations as a way to produce a desired change to meet their personal needs within the relationships. My own relationships have brought this to my attention. I have started fights because I want something to change, because I wasn’t happy with how things were. Disagreements and conflicts are inevitable, but vital to the evolution of any relationship. According to Jaelline Jaffe, Ph.D and Jeanne Segal, Ph.D (2007), disagreements will occur in any intimate relationship because it just isn’t realistic (or possible) for two people to have the same expectations, ideas, needs, and/or opinions all of the time. Successfully resolving these relational disagreements is crucial for the development and continuance of all successful relationships. It is essential to ponder the topics of argument and then conflict management within relationships since literally everybody is involved in and needs relationships in one way or another. If we can better recognize the topics that create conflict within relationships, we could theoretically decrease the amount of conflict that is present and thus increase relationship satisfaction overall. Guerrero et al. (2001) have identified conflict to be a â€Å"disagreement between two interdependent people who believe that they have dissenting goals.† Conflict plays a very significant role within romantic relationships. Not only does it potentially affect the duration of said relationship, but also the level of satisfaction each person has within that relationship. Julia T. Wood (2007) stated that â€Å"conflict affects the power dynamic between couples by forcing them to negotiate and renegotiate the extent to which they share power.† Guerrero et al. (2001) also said that close, romantic relationships that are devoid of conflict are rare, unrealistic, and highly extraordinary. Essentially, relationships just cannot exist without some kind of conflict. â€Å"In truth, satisfied couples are more likely to discuss issues of discrepancy, whereas discontented couples are more likely to abate or elude conflict† (Guerrero et al., 2001). Even though conflict is so prevalent in relationships, very few scholars have actually done significant research on the subject (Walker, 2000). The â€Å"dark side† of relationships, that much of the research refers to, is generally considered to be the â€Å"bad† things; fighting, disagreement/arguments, and conflict. It is very difficult to understand conflict within relationships and how to manage it since scholars have not yet completely broken into the realm of interpersonal conflicts. Guerrero et al. state, â€Å"the need to examine the dark side of close relationships is more important than focusing on the positive aspects of interpersonal relationships.† Walker goes on to say that studies have a â€Å"Pollyanna-like perspective which only highlights that individuals need to be open, honest, polite, and attractive in relationships, while ignoring other negative relational dynamics.† As Walker also states, conflict is just as essential (and common) in relationships as the pos itive aspects, thus creating validity and the necessity to cultivate a better understanding of the topics that people fight about in relationships (Walker, 2000). There are not many things in this world that are more communicative than emotions can be. â€Å"A rapidly growing body of research indicates that the transition from casual dating to serious commitment is marked by intensified emotions, increased emotional jealousy, greater reactivity to conflict and uncertainty, and more negative appraisals of irritations† (Theiss Soloman, 2006). The first fight a couple might have may occur at this point in their relationship progress, the beginning. The couples who dissolved their relationship after the first big fight reported having been feeling chaotic or ambiguous about their relationship as a whole (Guerrero et al., 2001). Accordingly, the partners who stayed together gained a greater comprehension of their emotional state with regards to each other, felt like they were well suited to problem solve together, and were assured that both would be willing to make sacrifices for the relationship/each other. Guerrero et al. (2001) estimated that â€Å"most romantic couples have somewhere between 1-3 disagreements per week, of which 1 or 2 disagreements each month is particularly unpleasant. Additionally, couples who are dissatisfied often experience 5.4 incidences of conflict over a 5-day period.† Guerrero et al. (2001) state that â€Å"most disagreements are related to the fair division of household labor, jealousy and possessiveness, sex, money and possessions, the social network (including families), and children.† More research has shown that work has an effect on relationships, including unearthing stressors such as low support from partners, the amount of time devoted to relationship activities, and even issues such potential children and their ages/names (Cinamon, 2006). In addition, partners might complain about the amount of time spent together and justify engaging in infidelities (Guerrero et al., 2001). Arguments about sex, household chores, money, jealousy, possessions, social media, the futu re, and children are of course not the lone or single sources of disagreement that couples can experience, but they tend to be the most frequent types of conflict within intimate and romantic relationships. After distinguishing what types of conflict can arise, it is particularly important to also understand that there are different levels of conflict as well. Guerrero et al. (2001) claim that there are four levels of conflict. As defined by Guerrero et al. (2001), the first conflict level is when couples argue about â€Å"specific, concrete behaviors such as how to specifically clean the kitchen. The second level of conflict is when couples argue about relational rules and norms such as working late without informing your partner or forgetting your significant other’s birthday or anniversary† (Guerrero et al., 2001). Thirdly, Guerrero et al. define the third level of conflict to be when partners argue about their varying personality traits. Finally, the fourth level of conflict is when couples â€Å"argue about the process of conflict itself, otherwise known as metaconflict. This may also include accusing your partner of pouting, nagging, throwing a temper tantrum, not l istening, or fighting unfairly† (Guerrero et al., 2001). In conclusion, the research reviewed in this literature review has suggested that conflict within relationships occurs very commonly and in nearly all relationships. We can assume that the majority of couples involved romantically will experience 1-3 disagreements per week (Guerrero et al., 2001). These studies also suggest that a majority of arguments among couples are a product of money, sex, household duties, jealousy, social media, the future, and children. Additionally, the research demonstrated four levels of conflict, which can be alleviated once the topics are identified and conflict management employed. References Cinamon, R. (2006). Anticipated work-family conflict: effects of gender, self-efficacy, and family background. Career Development Quarterly, 54(6), 202-216. Gere, J. U. (2013). When Romantic Partners Goals Conflict: Effects on Relationship Quality and Subjective Well-Being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14(1), 37-49. Guerrero, L., Andersen, P. (2001).  Close Encounters: Communicating in Relationships. Mountain View, Calif.: Mayfield Pub. Keener, E., Strough, J., DiDonato, L. (2012). Gender Differences and Similarities in Strategies for Managing Conflict with Friends and Romantic Partners. Sex Roles, 67(1/2), 83-97. Mackinnon, S.P., Sherry, S.B., Antony, M.M., Stewart, S. H., Sherry, D. L., Hartling, N. (2012). Caught in a bad romance: Perfectionism, conflict, and depression in romantic relationships. Journal of Family Psychology, 26(2), 215-225. Segal, J., Jaffe, J. (2007). Conflict Resolution Skills. Retrieved February 10, 2015 from http://www.helpguide.org/mental/EQ8_conflict_resolution.html Theiss, J. A., Solomon, D. H. (2006). A relational turbulence model of communication about irritations in romantic relationships.Communication Research,33(5), 391-418. Walker, K. (2000). The Dark Side of Close Relationships. The Southern Communication Journal, 65(4), 340-342. Wood, J. (2007).  Gendered Lives: Communication, Gender, and Culture. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth Pub.

Sodium Sulfite Food Additive

Sodium Sulfite Food Additive Sodium Sulfite a Food Additive Food additives are chemicals added to food during their preparations to obtain an effect. This effect can range from addition of coloration, flavor to the food, or it can cause food to have a prolonged shelf life, as in the case of preservatives. Usually food additives can be divided into 2 types, direct additives and indirect food additives. Direct food additives are those that are added to the food intentionally to food e.g. flavoring agents, artificial colors etc. An exact quantity of the additive is measured and added to the product and exposure to the public of the additive can be measured. Indirect food additives are those additives that are not intentionally added to food, but do become components of it as is the case of packaging materials, plastics wraps paper packs, laminates etc. The estimation of the exact quantity of compounds which have indirectly been released into the foods and are now exposed to humans for consumption can not be straightforwardly calculated. (Estimating exposure to direct food additives) One such material which is added to foods as an additive is sodium sulfite. It is manufactured on an industrial scale by passing sulfur dioxide through caustic soda, which causes in the end sodium sulfite crystals to form. This is slightly unstable compound and releases sulfur dioxide gas slowly into the atmosphere. This ability provides it with the properties of an Antimicrobial Agent, Antioxidant and a Preservative. Different preparations are made of this product, food grade sodium sulfite and the non food grade preparation which is used in the paper industry as a bleaching agent and the photo industry for developing solution preparations. (Sodium sulfite grades) Before any food can be allowed to be used as an additive it has to be proven as safe by the Food and Drug Agency (FDA) for its use. Concerning Sodium Sulfite, the FDA states that it can be used as a preservative as it is generally considered as safe for the desired purpose, but it should be prepared with good manufacturing practices and used only as is required in quantity and no more. It has no quantitative limitation put on it by the FDA, if it is used as a preservative. If the purpose use is as a boiler additive, then the FDA prevents its use on meats fruits and vegetables, which have to be presented as raw or fresh any food considered to be a vitamin B1 source. (Food Additive Status List) Food additives are taken for granted in many ways. The reason fruits are available all year round, the reason baked goods stay fresh for so long, and we owe it all to additives and preservatives. If we were to stop using all preservatives, most of the snacks we consume would cease to exist and availability of food products would become limited to certain areas and for only a small amount of period in a year only. Additives are for five main reasons. To maintain consistency as is done with artificial foods. To prevent spoilage. Use of preservatives prevents food from ruining early. Fungi, bread mould are prevented from growing as preservatives create an inhospitable environment for them. Antioxidants additives keep fruits fresh and prevent bad taste from developing in baked goods. To maintain or to fortify the nutritional value. This is usually done with breads cereals which are usually fortified with iron, or with milk which is fortified with calcium and vitamins. To enhance the flavor and color. This is done with chips snacks or flavored drinks. To control the pH of the food. This is necessary as in preparation of baked foods like biscuits or cakes. (Food additives) Foods additives are very much integrated into our lives without us even know knowing about it. They help in the proper preparation of food, its availability, and ability to stay fresh for long. They act as anti microbial agents, anti oxidants flavoring agents, bleaching agents, preservatives, fortifying agents and stabilizing agents. Although their availability has provided us with immense opportunities but it all comes at a price as well. Most of the additives are chemicals. The FDA approves additives by labeling them either safe for general consumption, or substances allowed limited use and substances which require further approval from FDA before use. (Food Additive Status List). This is done as certain additives are hazardous to health in large quantities. Sulfites are shown to be mutagenic towards bacteria although no proof of these effects has been reported in humans the risk still persists. It is reported to increase the incidence of acute asthma and in some people cause gastr o intestinal symptoms if present in food products greater than trace amounts. Other additives have the ability to cause chronic ill effects to excessive consumption of the food for a long period of time. Amongst its many uses, sodium bisulfite is primarily used in almost all wine making industry to prevent oxidation of grape juice to vinegar. Secondarily, it is used as an anti microbial agent and as a food color preservative in the canned food industry by preventing oxidation and browning. In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) uses 2 statutes to regulate the licensing and usage of pesticides and fungicides etc. These are the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) or the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act (FFDCA). The FFDCA sets the rules and regulations concerning tolerance limits of pesticides, byproducts of fungicides and of food additives. The EPA, when registering a pesticide, approves these products after a risk versus benefit analysis. However, there is clause in the FFDCA which bans use of food additives which has even a small risk ill effect in humans; therefore it sets a zero risk benchmark for the industry to meet. This is called the Delaneys clause. This is problematic for the EPA since it creates 2 different standards for the industry to meet. The FIFRA analyses the risk versus benefit aspect whereas the FFDCA which has the Delaneys clause has a zero risk standard. So some a food additives or pesticides meet t he FIFRA standard do not meet the FFDCA standard. This has created obstructions in the smooth functioning of the EPA as far as approval and re registration of pesticides and food additives is concerned. Finally the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) a Non Governmental organization has looked into this matter and made the following recommendations. It states that there should be one universal standard for all approvals, processed or raw food, old or new pesticide. It also states that rather than having a zero risk policy, the EPA should adopt a negligible risk policy which should be acceptable both, the FIFRA as well as the FFDCA. (Delaneys paradox) References/ Bibliography DiNovi, Michael J. and Kuznesof, Paul M. â€Å"Estimating Exposure to direct food additives and chemical contaminants in the diet.† U.S. Food Drug Administration Center for Food Safety Applied Nutrition Office of Pre market Approval (Aug 2006) http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/%7Edms/opa-appa.html â€Å"Food Additives† FDA/IFIC Brochure. Jan.1992. U. S. Food and Drug Administration http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~lrd/foodaddi.txt â€Å"Food Additive Status List† CFSAN/Office of Food Additive Safety. 2006. U.S, Food and Drug Administration. 21 Dec 2006 http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/opa-appa.html â€Å"Sodium sulfite grades.† Sodium and Potassium sulfites. 2006. BASF The chemical company. 19 Dec 2006. http://www.inorganics.basf.com/ â€Å"The Delaney Paradox and Negligible Risk Fact Sheet.† Pesticide Management Education Program. Jan.1991. Cornell University Cooperative Extension http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/issues/delaney-negrisk.html

Experimental Psy Article Review :: essays research papers

Experimental Psychology Article review of ‘Distorted Retrospective Eyewitness Reports as Functions of Feedback and Delay’ by Gary L. Wells, Elizabeth A. Olson, and Steve D. Charman. Iowa State University Journal of Experimental Psychology   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This article was mainly about eye witnesses and the many errors they make in recalling a situation or describing a culprit whether they are asked immediately or after a period of time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this study, witnesses viewed a crime video and attempted to identify the culprit from a group line-up that did not actually have the culprit present. 253 mistaken-identification eyewitnesses were randomly given confirming, disconfirming, or no feedback regarding their description of the culprit or the culprit’s identification. The feedback process was either immediate or delayed for 48 hours, and measures were also immediate or delayed for 48 hours. It was shown that those who were given confirming feedback gave more distorted information. They had increased confidence in remembering what had happened, were able to make out facial details and their length of time to identify the culprit changed. There was also no difference in their statements when they were asked immediately or after 48 hours. Those who received disconfirming feedback were not so confident and took longer time to identify the culprit.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The writers argue that the focus on identification itself, especially in court cases, does not factor in the influence that postidentification suggestions have on the testimony of the eyewitness that might later be given about the identification. They suggest that postidentification feedback from the lineup administrator has strong effects on how the eye witness remembers the original event and on how the eyewitness recalls the identification decision. They call this the Postidentification Feedback Effect. This Effect influences both the retrospective reports of confidence and the eyewitnesses’ retrospective reports of how good their view of the culprit was, how much attention they paid to the culprit, how long they took to identify the culprit and so on. According to the writers, any psychological interpretations of the postidentification feedback effect must take into account the broad range of effects on retrospective reports of the witnessing experience rather than merely the effect on retrospective confidence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There have also been recent studies that have replicated and extended the Postidentification Feedback Effect in various ways. According to one study, â€Å"the Postidentification Feedback Effect is reduced by having eyewitnesses think privately about their certainty, the view they had, and so on, prior to giving them feedback (Wells & Bradfield, 1999).

Puzzle of King Tuts Inner-Coffin as Recreational Activity :: King Tutankhamun History Essays

Puzzle of King Tut's Inner-Coffin as Recreational Activity The King Tutankhamun jigsaw puzzle consists of 1000 individual, cardboard pieces which fit perfectly together to form a 13.75 X 38.5 inch portrait of his inner-coffin. It serves a dual purpose, not only as a two-dimensional replica of King Tut's coffin, but also as a form of recreational activity. The fun lies in methodically assembling the pieces together to create a desired image. Its intended consumer ranges from kids to adults. The puzzle can be found in the gift section at the UCSD bookstore. The bookstore is located in the middle of a college campus, primarily dependent on the patronage of college students. As its name suggests, it mainly sells textbooks for college courses, as well as clothing, school supplies, and assorted gifts. While the puzzle functions as an entertaining diversion, the actual inner-coffin of King Tutankhamun served a much more significant role. The discovery of this historical artifact offers a glimpse into the lifestyle and beliefs of the Egyptians. The Egyptians were deeply religious people, incorporating religious ideology into their everyday life. They believed in an inner-spirit, called the ka, which persists long after a person's death. With this in mind, they went to great lengths to ensure that the ka of a departed king enjoyed a comfortable, luxurious after-life existence, as it was crucial to the well-being of the Egyptian state. So, when King Tutankhamun died in 1327 BC., they lavished his tomb with funerary decorations and expensive furnishings. They paid particular attention to the quality and extravagance of his inner-coffin, where his remains reposed. The marked difference in the function and significance of the jigsaw puzzle and King Tut's actual coffin is reflected in the monetary value placed on each item. The inner-coffin is made of several hundred pounds of solid gold which theoretically reproduced the bodily and facial features of King Tutankhamun. However, the level of accuracy to which it was done is not known. Colored enamel and semi-precious gemstones decorate its surface, as well as very finely incised linear designs and hieroglyphic inscriptions. The king is depicted as holding a crook and a flail, both symbols closely associated with Osiris, the god of the dead. Taken together with the coffin's historical significance, it is worth several million dollars. While the average consumer may not have the purchasing power to afford such a luxury, he or she can trot over to the UCSD bookstore and buy a jigsaw puzzle depicting its likeness for a scant $11.

Attachment Theory Essay

In this essay I have selected 3 different theories, which will focus on human growth development theories, I will demonstrate my understanding of each theory and explain the psychological disturbances which are linked to each one and demonstrate how these theory can be off use to the counsellor in therapy. John Bowbly (1969) and Mary Ainsworths (1974) known, as the mother and father of attachment theory both became key figures in contributing to child development, with their ideas of personality development, together they changed the views of childcare practice and how mothers, reared their children, his views greatly influenced society, by identifying that a child first relationship was very important as this would effect them for the rest of their lives. Bowlby (1969) and Ainsworth (19740 described â€Å"Attachment as a deep, and enduring bond that connects one person to another across time and space.† (Ainsworth, 1976: Bowbly, 1969), The development of attachment over the last 50 years has also benefited practitioners , nurses parents as it has given them a useful insight into interpersonal relationships and the understanding that pass negative experiences with care givers is damaging to a childens emotional and psychological we’ll being. Attachment theory has been proven to be very effective method used in psychotherapy because it is a very useful tool for counsellors, as it helps the counsellor to focus on relevant information and tells them what to look for descriptions of characteristics and can predict certain behaviour in certain settings, This theory can also help to identify problems and it can help to assist clients in effective modification of their behaviour , thoughts, how you react emotionally to things and events and interpersonal relations as it serves as a foundation for understanding the development of ineffective coping strategies and the underlying dynamics of the person emotional difficulties, Bowbly,(1907) was the first psychologist to draw on ethology concepts from animals and applied the same principle to humans ,The main focus of his work  was based on the focus of attachment, and the effects of separation and loss, he proposed that all babies were born with a inborn instinct to connect with their parents and maintain close proximity to enhance survival to ensure reproduction. based on extensive research Bowblys (1969) suggested that if human failed to attached to their care give between the ages of 6-2 years they would not develop emotionally or psychology healthy whilst they continued to grow which would effect them later on in life, Bowbly (1969),also stated to make human development possible the infant and the young child should experienced a warm intimate and continues with their parental figure , he posed that a mother should be able to be in tune with their childs needs and respond apprioaraly as failure to do, could have devasting effect later for the child† (bowlby 1951 p.13( david wallen) Bowbly(1969) attachment theoy implies that it is the way in which the child was handled by their primary care giver that helps to form the child personality, he proposed that this is how the child develops their internal working model, which can be positive or negative which helps then to relate to other in the world as they grow older. Bowlby 1969) described these attachment behaviours, as a secure attachment, insecure attachment and disorganised attachment , he stated that children generally displayed protest, despair or detachment when separated from their parents, Mary Ainsworth (1997), a psychologist, that was a student of Bowlbys (1969), later expanded and tested his idea, whereby she took part in her own empirical study called the strange situation, whereby she proved Bowlbys(1974) attachment theory correct alongside some new concepts of her own, after carrying out her study in America and Uganda on babies from 12-18mths that were separated from their mothers for 3 minutes, based on her findings, she proposed that there was four different types of attachment behaviour that the infant displayed their fore classified four different categories, (expand) secure attachment , anxious -avoidant and anxious ambivalent, and disorganised attachment. Ainsworth (1974) findings revealed that children that fell into the secure attachment category were raised by sensitive mothers that responded promptly to their child needs, † â€Å"the mothers day in day out responseness had given them faith in her as a protector† (ainsworth1974) p.g 55 concepts and application). mothers that fell into the avoidant category were reported to be inhibited in expressing or showing any comfort or emotions to their children, their fore is seen as not ready and available for the child, mothers that fall in the ambulant category were described as unpredictable and occasionally available, and the child as either passive or angry.as a result of parenting. and finally a mother from the disorganised attachment, main prosed that infant disorganisation is the outcome not only of interaction with parents whose anger and abuse is self evidently frightened (main&hesse 1912) This theory can help the counsellor to become aware of all the different types of anxieties and disorders that their clients may be facing theory it serves as a map, which offers insights into different types of relationships , effective coping strategies and the underlying dynamics of the persons emotional difficulties , it also helps the counsellor to understand the strategies that many individuals use to get their unmet needs met which sometimes result in them becoming more distressed than before  conclusion  Symond Freud, John Bowbly and erik Erikson all belonged to the same school of thoughts and studied human growth and development pschology for many years and have all contributed different ideas in regards to child development.

If Winter Comes Can Spring Be Far Behind? Essay

If Winter Comes Can Spring be far behind? – Essay (free to read). This is the last line of Shelley’s famous poem: â€Å"Ode to the West Wind.† The poet depicts the terrible effect of the west wind in different spheres. The line is an epitome of optimism. Though for the present the cold winter be the ruler all around, yet the very approach of winter means the impending arrival of the spring season soon after win-ter. Winter must at last come to an end. It must be followed by the colorful spring which brings colorful flowers and bird’s sweet songs. After all, the circle of seasons must continue moving unhindered. Day is followed by night and night by day. Similarly, in life every period of sorrow and despair has at last to come to end. It is followed by a period of peace, comfort and joy. We must have a firm belief in the good ¬ness of things and have a strong self-confi ¬dence. There is no occasion for feeling dis ¬mayed. â€Å"If hopes are dupes, fears may be liars.† The best attitude in life is that of an optimistic stoic. Joys and sorrows should be treated in their own stride. They should be given equal treatment. Robert Browning w- s a highly optimistic poet. He had another way of looking at things. If he ever had to face failure in life, he consoled himself by telling himself that he will get his reward or success in heaven or in the next life. One famous psychologist of France taught the men the art of auto-suggestion. He advised them to say unto themselves: â€Å"Every day in every way. I get better and better.† Auto Suggestion for a better and happier life is the great art in modern day life which modern psychology has given to us. WEB. Yeats, the famous poet of early twentieth century says, â€Å"Cast a cold eye on life, on death, Horseman passes by!† Thus, we must rest assured that our sorrows, if any, are short-lived and a period of joy awaits us.