Is Reincarnation Believe That The Soul Never Dies

People who believe in reincarnation believe that the soul never dies. Our soul continues to be reborn throughout time, possibly because the soul did not finish what they wanted, or needed to in their previous lives, before their body passed away. What the soul did in their initial life and their previous past lives reflects where they will be in their next life, which is known as the â€Å"Law of Karma.† Reincarnation is, â€Å"The eternal cycle of birth, suffering, death, and rebirth,† (â€Å"Reincarnation,† 2014). Where the soul comes back to earth in a new human body or form,† (â€Å"What is Reincarnation?† 2014). In the United States, a survey was taken to see how many Americans in Western cultures believe in reincarnation. Twenty percent of the surveyed Americans stated they believe reincarnation exists. Twenty percent said they were unsure and sixty percent said reincarnation does not exist (Walter, 2012). Reincarnation is believed to have started in the east, however it remains a more popular belief in the Western society, (Alberecht, 1987). No earlier than 300 B.C did the idea of reincarnation reach some form of acceptance. The first complete mention of reincarnation was briefly stated in the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, which is an advanced philosophical and mystical text (Swami Krishnananda, 2014). There are many religions and belief systems around t he world that believe in reincarnation including, Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism, (â€Å"Reincarnation Facts and Resources,† 2013). InShow MoreRelatedHave You Ever Wondered If You Have Lived More Than Once?1260 Words   |  6 PagesHave you ever wondered if you have lived more than once? Or what happens after death? Many believe that you continue to live after death, but how is it possible and why so? Today I will inform you about the concept of reincarnation. For some of us, like myself, have had dreams or images of places or things that we have never seen, in person with our own eyes, in our current lifetime. Then we see these images in a picture online and feel like we have been there or have some sort of connection withRead MorePlato’s 1st Argument for the Immortality of the Soul from Opposites and Theory of Reincarnation999 Words   |  4 PagesPlato’s 1st argument for the Immortality of the Soul from opposites and Theory of Reincarnation Plato’s Phaedo is a dialog between Phaedo, Cebes and Simmias where Socrates gives some arguments for the immortality of the soul. In this work, Phaedo tells us about Socrates’ final days, who has been convicted to death. Great philosopher does not have a fear of death because he believes that when a man dies, the soul still exists even if the body perishes. Trying to prove his argumentsRead MoreThe Theory Of Reincarnation And The Soul1147 Words   |  5 PagesThe Argument Stating Reincarnation Exists In this paper I show reincarnation to exist. My arguments for reincarnation to be possible are as followed. Many different religions such as Hinduism and Buddhism believe it to be true and have many examples showing the possibility. Depending on the religion, reincarnation can range from souls just traveling to other bodies or animals, seeking to fulfill life lessons. Also, looking at child prodigies, how can one explain the utter talent with no previousRead More Philosophy and Religion Essay791 Words   |  4 Pages The many religions of the world exhibit a large amount of different beliefs and philosophies. Some believe in many gods, some believe in just one god and yet there are those that believe in no god. One of the things that I agree with is that you can not love anything else unless you first learn to love and respect yourself. I also think that after one?s physical body is deceased, you become reincarnated. And lastly, I don?t recognize one god or overall being, but r ather follow the example made byRead MoreResearch Paper : Hinduism ( Bhagavad Gita )1075 Words   |  5 Pages(Bhagavad Gita) Arjuna faces the tough decision of facing his own blood in war as he has to fight against his relatives. As a result we get the distinction of duty and consequences, or deontology and consequentialism. Deontology is the idea that believes that actions are right or wrong in themselves, regardless of their consequence. On the other hand, consequentialism is defined as the position that an action is right if it has good consequences and wrong if it has bad consequences. This is an underlyingRead MoreDeath, Mortality, And The Afterlife938 Words   |  4 Pagesstaying alive, resurrection, soul, a legacy, and wisdom. One of the most historical books that we have of early era is Epic of Gilgamesh. The concept of death, mortality and the afterlife are all the major themes of the book. Gilgamesh who is not fearful of death in his youth and even considers a good death realized that he was not going to be remembered, goes out to make himself immortal with is friend Enkidu. After a battle his b est friend Enkidu gets hurt and dies which makes Gilgamesh brokenRead MoreBeliefs within Aboriginal Spirituality and Buddhism1123 Words   |  4 Pagesends the cycle of reincarnation. Through Aboriginal Spirituality and Buddhism, there are similar themes in beliefs between these religions such as beliefs upon spirits, the circle of balance and afterlife; in which these ideas demonstrate and distinguish the relation between Aboriginal Spirituality and Buddhism. Spirits are known as the souls of a people that are intangible and immortal. Buddhism affiliates spirits as souls of people who are in the constant cycle of reincarnation and suffering.Read MoreEssay on Hinduism and Buddhism1021 Words   |  5 PagesHinduism, a religion were people believe in 300, 000 gods. Even though, Hinduism and Buddhism have different similarities such as believes in god, soul, and rituals, which in some ways connected to each other, both religions believe of what happens after life. Although Buddhism evolved from Hinduism it differs from Hinduism in god beliefs. According to Buddhists there is no God, but they reverence the Buddha and his teachings as though he were one. Buddha, believe in no Atman’s, nor is there a BrahmanRead MoreReincarnation Is A Belief Of The Soul After Death1820 Words   |  8 PagesReincarnation is a belief that has existed since ancient times. Not everybody believes in the theory, but it is also the basis of some religions. Reincarnation is the rebirth of the soul after death, and it is believed to happen to everyone. Some people even have memories of their past lives unlike others. Reincarnation is an intriguing belief that could explain what happens to people after death. I.A. The one person who started the theory of reincarnation is unknown, but there are a fewRead MoreSummary Of Do We Survive Death Essay900 Words   |  4 PagesThesis: The main idea in this chapter is trying to figure out where our souls go after we die. Summary: In the chapter â€Å"Do we survive death.† It talks about both the soul existing and not existing. Socrates’ says that he believes the soul continues to exist and that the soul is better off separated from the body. Socrates also gave a few arguments on whether why he believed the soul still existed. One of his arguments was that the soul cannot be destroyed, like breaking something, it also can’t be burned

Marketing Strategy of Samsung in India Free Essays

string(121) " technical flaws like display in the mobiles, gas kit leakages in frost-free refrigerators etc which are to be improved\." Section B Submitted by –Harsh Golan About Samsung: The Samsung Group is a multinational conglomerate corporation headquartered in Samsung Town, Seoul, South Korea. It is the world’s largest conglomerate by revenue. The Samsung Group is composed of numerous international affiliated businesses, most of them united under the Samsung brand including Samsung Electronics, the world’s largest electronics company, Samsung Heavy Industries, the world’s second largest shipbuilder and Samsung C, a major global construction company. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Strategy of Samsung in India or any similar topic only for you Order Now Samsung has been the world’s most popular consumer electronics brand since 2005 and is the best known South Korean brand in the world. Samsung Group accounts for more than 20% of South Korea’s total exports and is the leader in many domestic industries, such as the financial, chemical, retail and entertainment industries. Samsung India Electronics Private Limited (SIEL) is the Indian subsidiary of the US $55. 2 billion Samsung Electronics Corporation (SEC) headquartered in Seoul, Korea. Headquartered in New Delhi, SAMSUNG India has widespread network of sales offices all over the country. SAMSUNG India is the hub for SAMSUNG’s South West Asia Regional operations. The South West Asia Headquarters looks after the SAMSUNG business in Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Maldives and Bhutan besides India. SAMSUNG India which commenced its operations in India in December 1995 enjoys a sales turnover of over US$ 1Bn in just a decade of operations in the country. From being a virtually unknown entity in the Year 1995, brand SAMSUNG today enjoys an awareness level of over 65% and a positive opinion of over 80% in the country today (source: BAS 2007). Initially, a player only in the Color Televisions segment, it later diversified into color monitors (1999) and refrigerators (2003). Today, it is recognized as one of the fastest growing brands in the sphere of digital technology. SIEL is the market leader in high end digital television (Plasma, LCD). STP APPROACH OF SAMSUNG: Segmentation: Segmenting is the process of dividing the market into segment based on customer characteristics needs. Segmenting consists of: 1. Geographic segmentationation: it is nearly present in 14 countries but has maintained a nearly same price and quality tag worldwide. 2. Demographic segmentation: it has motto of ‘everyone’s invited’ so it produces goods for nearly every segment, from tech-savvy to gamers to middle class family. It has something in sort for you. Targeting: Is the process of focusing on a particular market with a particular product . ?LOCAL MARKET ?TEIR 1 CITIES ?TEIR 2 CITIES NICHE MARKET. Samsung produces goods for both tier1 and tier 2 cities and its nearly all electronic goods are available in both cities. The differences can be seen is the in tier1 cities it has exclusive Samsung showrooms while in tier2 and below cities it usually shares counter with other competitors . Also goods like smart phones and android phones, expensive models of TVs like 3d etc are found in tier1 cities . in tier2 and below cities it becomes a mass producer of electronic items at reasonable cost. Positioning: Samsung has positioned itself as â€Å"Digital technology leader†. In 1990 group chairman, Kun-Hee Lee(Lee), initiated transformation from a low-end OEM into a world-class electronics company and now Samsung came to be perceived as a company with exciting product portfolio. TOP Olympic Sponsor for the 2008 Beijing Olympics and Olympic Partner for the 2008 Olympic Torch Relay. Manavjit Singh Sandhu was its Olympic Brand Ambassador and launched the program ‘Spread the Olympic Flame’ ? APPOINTS OLYMPIC GOLD MEDALIST ABHINAV BINDRA AS BRAND AMBASSADOR FOR ITS CONSUMER ELECTRONICS BUSINESS ? APPOINTS AAMIR KHAN AS ITS BRAND AMBASSADOR FOR MOBILE PHONES ? New, spunky, tagline – ‘Next is What? ’ It is being used in all of ‘Samsung Mobiles’ communication material. Product Strategy: Samsung Electronics India manufactures a wide range of consumer electronics and home appliances. These products include: 1)Mobile phones with the accessories, )Television, Audio player, Video player, 3)Camera, Camcorder, 4)Home appliances, 5)PC, Peripherals and Printers. In the mobile phone industry, Samsung has the second largest share in the market with 19. 6% as per November 2010 consensus. The mobile phone market share is shown in Annexure 1. In the Indian mobile market, Samsung is the second largest player after Nokia with product line extending to over fifty products. The product line includes some of the most preferred mobile phones like Samsung Guru series, Corby series and many more. Recently Samsung has launched its Samsung galaxy series in the Indian market. Samsung is also into manufacturing televisions, audio players, video players, blu-ray players, home theatres and multimedia players. In India, Samsung is the first to bring the concept of LED technology in televisions. Samsung’s products, in this category, are known for their innovativeness and technology . These products are the first preference of the consumers who seek technology at an affordable cost. Samsung also manufactures digital cameras and camcorders. This product category includes world class products like Samsung NX series. Samsung digital cameras offer a diverse product line equipped with the most sought after features. Samsung cameras have always been recognized for their fine technology and optical innovations in such things as auto focus and â€Å"optical zoom† capabilities. These products, though, high on technology are an affordable option for those who have an edge for their photography hobbies. In the home appliances segment, Samsung manufactures refrigerators, microwave ovens, smart ovens, air conditioners and washing machines. All of these products define Samsung’s competitiveness and vision in terms of product innovations like silver nanotechnology, twin cooling etc. At present, Samsung is the leading home appliances manufacturer and many of products are the best in their respective sub-segments. Personal computers, peripherals and printers are also the part of Samsung’s innovative and high-end technology product line. These include laptop notebooks, VDAs, music speakers, Internal and external hard drives, optical disc drives and printers. Though, Samsung is not yet a leader in this segment but its inclination of high end technology shows into these products also. For Samsung, there is still scope for improving their products quality in the Indian market. The products sometimes develop technical flaws like display in the mobiles, gas kit leakages in frost-free refrigerators etc which are to be improved. You read "Marketing Strategy of Samsung in India" in category "Papers" Since, Samsung competes on the basis of the innovation and technology in the current market scenario; this plays a very important role in their major sales not only in India but in the whole world as a whole. As far as the after product service of Samsung is concerned, it needs major improvement in terms of contacting with customers. Since service is intangible, it needs to be provided as quickly as possible. Reducing the retention time in providing value to the customers can add to big advantage for Samsung considering the current market conditions. Place strategy: Samsung electronics employs different place strategies for different products. When we talked to marketing representative he said the whole of Samsung electronics India has divided its distribution systems into various regions on basis of demand and number of dealers per region for example we visited what he called the vidharba region. Samsung uses supply chain to enhance differentiation, increase sales and penetrate new markets and channels. It efficient supply chain is transparent, so that all the players in the supply chain have the right information at the right time about the movement of the products within the chain. This means lower inventories, elimination of waste, and reductions of costs. In addition to the intangible benefits like quick feedback from customers help in launching new products. Samsung has 24 state-level distribution offices and a direct dealer interface. The direct dealer interface helps the company to get quick feedback from dealers, and enables it to launch products according to consumer needs. Samsung also believes in JIT (Just-in-Time) concept to its dealers. To minimize time overruns, Samsung delivered its products directly from its factories to its Regional Dispatch Centers (RDCs) and from there to dealers. SIEL is having three types of distribution system: 1)A one-level channel contains one selling intermediary, such as retailer. 2)A two-level channel contains two intermediaries. In consumer markets, these are a wholesaler and a retailer. 3)A three-level channel contains three intermediaries. Other strategies: †¢Shop-in-shop: Samsung is ensuring a presence in most big malls and multiplexes; even in the multi-brand outlets, as the focus there is to create a shop-in-shop atmosphere. In the shops where we conducted studies we found around 30-50% of counter share was of Samsung. Thus Samsung believes in â€Å"jo dikhta he vo bikta he†. †¢The exclusive showrooms: Samsung India has set up a widespread network of over 80 exclusive showrooms comprising Samsung Digital home (focusing on high-end digital audio-video products such as MP3 players, camcorders and LCD/plasma/3D TVs). The Samsung Digital home goes beyond the concept of a Digital Plaza or a Brand Shop because in it, they are trying to create a more interactive environment and providing a more lifestyle orientation to the display, so that the customer can visualize the products in his/her own home settings. Samsung will add another 30 showrooms to its existing 100-odd this year. Over the next few months, the existing Samsung Digitall Homes will all be rebranded Samsung Plaza, in keeping with the global practice. Until now, India was the only market where Samsung followed a dual showroom strategy – larger (2,500 sq ft and more) outlets were dubbed Samsung Digitall Home, while smaller showrooms were called Samsung Plaza. It is not just about a name change, though. Samsung India also wants uniformity in appearance and sales experience at each of these showrooms – that means an emphasis on product demonstration, not just display. Pricing Strategy: Samsung believes in providing good products at reasonable prices to its customers. Samsung’s technology plank communications helped the company to gain market share, even though it did not offers any discounts or exchange scheme when it entered India. Samsung focuses on cost-cutting measures to keep its price low which helps to combat the discount schemes of the local companies. Samsung drastically reduced its operational costs which enabled the company to keep low prices for certain products and extract higher profit margin from premium products. Samsung India posted revenue of $2. 2 billion last year and this is expected to go up to $3. 5 billion this calendar year. Samsung’s global revenue is $116. 8 billion. The focus of its competitors is to penetrate in the rural and semi-urban mass markets. But Samsung insists that it’s a high end technology driven player. That’s why the urban areas are still a focus area for it and only 30 per cent of revenue comes from rural and semi-urban India. Howsoever in past few years samsung India.. Deputy Managing Director, Ravinder Zutshi says â€Å"Still, focusing on the premium customer will get you only so far – India is still a market powered by volume-growth the current strategy is to gain greater reach among the masses – not through pricing, but through product innovation†. he vehemently rejects the price warrior tag, though. â€Å"Samsung is not a price warrior but today we are as competitively priced as our rivals. The focus is on expansion and deeper market penetration,† he adds â€Å"We are aiming at market leadership not only in the premium category of products but also mass categories like flat televisions† It is difficult to achieve the ambitious targets keeping in mind the pricing strategy of Samsung. But, they believe that it takes time to ensure your supremacy in market share. Once you get your brand perception right in the minds of the consumers as a brand that delivers the best technology and gives you value for money, then ultimately market share goes up. Now Samsung has changed its policy a bit and instead of just remaining a high-end technology driven brand it tried to change its image to sell products to the huge number of middle income families in India. It started pricing its products on the â€Å"value for money† concept, keeping in mind the price sensitivity of Indian consumers. But still Samsung has the repute of being a premium brand, aggressive in launching newer models with the latest technology and at economic costs throughout the world. Promotion Strategy: â€Å"Turn on Tomorrow† â€Å"We are investing aggressively in marketing to transform our company to be truly market driven and to establish our Samsung brand as the most trusted and preferred brand in the market. † – Vice-chairman CEO, Samsung Electronics Promotion stands for various activities the company undertakes to communicate and promote its products to the target market. The Making of a Global Brand When Samsung decided to become globalized, it acquired a new corporate identity by changing its logo and that of the group. In the new logo, the words Samsung Electronics were written in white color on a blue color background to represent stability, reliability and warmth. The words Samsung Electronics were written in English in process of globalization drive. The logo was shaped elliptical representing a moving world – symbolizing advancement and change†¦ To capture the retail market for consumer electronic goods, such as TVs, washing machines and microwave ovens, it formed partnerships with retailing giants like Best Buy. Advertising and Promotional Strategies To promote the ideas, goods or services advertising is important and in this course it launched promotion depicting product transformation into more advanced models, in course of time. This depicts the importance that they give to the research and development and making people understand that they are not just trend followers but are trend setters. Samsung launched corporate advertisements highlighting its technologically superior goods as they entered into the Indian market, and positioned itself in the mindset of consumer as the products are known for its quality like: †¢Samsung branded its products as superior technology and environment friendly ones with refrigerators and ACs incorporate with revolutionary new technology called Silver Nano Health System that ensures freshness and bacteria free environment. Also, it launched the â€Å"Bio† range of products. †¢Launched a special marketing campaign for Flat Tvs including a focused advertising campaign â€Å"Duniya Hai Gol, TV Flat† and attractive exchange offers. Adding to these, Samsung launches an extensive ad campaign in all sorts of media (like print, electronic) whenever a new product is being launched. These create public awareness and add to these media hoarding at major junctions and displays at point of purchases are done. Also, it offers special incentives like price off, patronage rewards, etc during festival season in order to create an incentive to buy the product, and a special ambience is created during the festive offers at the point of purchases to give the feel of Indian nativity of the company. Samsung built trust and confidence by their active promotion and advertising. Associations with various others across the world made the globally known and built its image on its association. †¢The partnership between Samsung mobile and SSAFW (Sanlam South African Fashion Week) shows the fusion of art, fashion and technology. It radiates technological elegance and stylish panache, by joining forces off SSAFW and enhances techno-fashion centered brand. †¢Samsung India associated itself with the ruling passion of Indian consciousness: Cricket. It launched a Team Samsung campaign, which caught the imagination of the entire campaign. Also, in 2004 it bought biggest spectacle debate of this decade to India vs Pakistan cricket series – â€Å"The Samsung Cup†. †¢Not confining itself to cricket, Samsung sponsors the Indian contingent to the Olympics and the Asian Games. It also ran training programmes for deserving Indian athletes under the Olympic Ratna banner. Samsung also helped India to bring the Olympic torch relay to India. †¢Samsung also brings the World Cyber Games, which is regarded as the Olympics of the Cyber World to India every year. †¢In mobile phones, Samsung tied up with a noted painter Satish Gujral for his paintings to be available as downloads on Samsung mobile phones. †¢Product placements were done in movies and popular television serials where Samsung products were set in lifestyle environments. For microwaves, Samsung ran a Kitchen-on-Wheels programme where mobile kitchens with microwave ovens went to various localities demonstrating the advantage of microwave cooking. Sports Partnership (Globally): †¢Samsung sponsored Olympic Winter Games in 1998 and will officially sponsor bOlympic Games and Olympic movements for the next 8 years and this would only enhance their global image. Samsung was official sponsor of telecommunications equipment category from 1998 to 2010. †¢Sponsors of English premiership club Chelsea FC, the premiership known globally and attract a good number of audiences all across the globe. Samsung also signed a partnership deal with Mexican football Team Club Deportivo Guadalajara for six years in 2008 and provides plasma and LCD screens for team’s new stadium Estadio Chivas, indirectly promoting the brand. †¢ In 2009, signed a 3 year deal with Brazillian Football Team Palmeiras, having their logo on shirts and products to the club. †¢Samsung Super League with International Federation for Equestrain Sports and FEI Nations Cup, the world’s oldest and best renowned equestrian series. †¢Also sponsors rugby league team Sydney Roosters in Australian National Rugby League. It is the sponsor of Essendon Football club in A – League. †¢Sponsor of NASCAR Nextel Cup, French People’s Baseball Team, running festival in Taiwan, and professional StarCraft team (Samsung Khan). †¢Official HDTV sponsor of the National Football League (NFL). †¢Official IAAF (International Association of Athletics Federations) partner of 2009 (Berlin, Germany) and 2011 (Daegu, South Korea), IAAF World Championships in Athletics and 2010 IAAF world Indoor Championships. Brand Ambassador: Samsung in India have various brand ambassadors for various divisions. Aamir Khan for mobiles, Priyanka Chopra has been recently chosen as brand ambassador for home appliances, Olympic Gold Medalist Abhinav Bindra for consumer electronic business. Aamir Khan was apart a various ad campaigns like Next is What, Wave, Galaxy series and so on. He is known in the industry as Mr. Perfect and they are using that indirectly to show that their mobiles are perfect. Also as Samsung is sponsor for Olympics the image of Abhinav Bindra, who is the first Indian individual Gold Medallist at Olympics. Annexure 1: Annexure 2: Samsung Product Line Samsung India product line as on the Samsung India website: The product line has been divided into five main categories as shown in the above figure. The mobile phone category has been divided into eight different sub-categories: The Tv/Audio/Video category is divided into five sub-categories: The Camera/Camcorder category contains: The Home appliances category has five main sub-categories: The PC/Peripherals category includes: How to cite Marketing Strategy of Samsung in India, Papers

The Social Learning Theory Essay Example

The Social Learning Theory Essay Social Learning Theory has a rich historical background dating back to late 1800s. In the modern times, Albert Bandura has made enormous contributions in explaining the social context in our learning process. Beginning with his social learning theory in 1977 and refining it to introduce the element of cognition in 1986, Bandura has had a major influence on learning theories. Not stopping there, Bandura then applied his theory to everything from psychotherapy to television violence and to the impact of the mass media. The range of applications of the theory is a reflection of how central it is to the human experience and learning of new behavior. Social learning theory focuses on how we learn, how we think and how the combination of these and the environment impacts on behavior. This has also resulted in the theory being applied to many other areas and merging into various other ideas on the human experience.Theoretical and Therapeutic Aspects of Social Learning TheoryHumans are alway s in the process of learning. Human mind in the early stages of development is just like a blank paper. It registers what it sees, listens, or experiences. It not only gains knowledge but also learns and adapts different patterns of behavior. Besides the formal sources of learning, environment plays a major role and ironically it had been ignored for a long time. From Freud (1856-1939) onwards, various psychologists have identified childhood experiences as a leading cause to deviant behavior. John Bowlby (1907-1990) has argued that the failure of the mother to satisfy her child’s â€Å"basic human need† for emotional security can result in the production of a psychopathic personality. These sociological perspectives of human learning propose that we learn to be deviant or conform to normalcy through the family, mass media, and school, which all form part of the environment. Of all the sociologists and psychologists, Albert Bandura has contributed a great deal towards o ur awareness about leaning within a social context. Bandura not only processed the ingredients of learning theory conceived by previous theorists but also added the element of cognition to the social learning theory. Cognition implied that a person does not have to physically experience something to learn. The learning can also be achieved by changing an individual’s perception. Mass media came under tight scrutiny with the Bandura’s experiments and findings in this regard. Study of social learning theory enables us to be cognizant of the impact of environment on our learning and on the development of our next generations. This paper has been designed to analyze the theoretical and therapeutic aspects of social learning theory. The paper throws some light on the historical background followed by the explanation and general principles of social learning theory. After discussing the process of learning in the social context, the paper will discuss the application of soci al learning theory in childhood and in the field of criminology.Historical Perspective of Social Learning TheorySocial Learning Theory has a rich historical background dating back to late 1800s. The first theory to originate was in 1890 and was termed as ‘The Social Self’ by William James who laid foundation for the study of person and environment interaction. In the early 1900s, Alfred Adler proposed that behavior is purposeful and motivated by pursuit of goals. He further theorized that individual perception and attitude towards social environment significantly influences behavior. According to Adler, a person’s thoughts, feelings and behavior are transactions with one’s physical and social environment. Tolman in 1930 promoted the idea that cognitions are the driving force behind behavior. It was in 1941 that the social leaning theory was officially launched by Miller and Dollard with the publication of their work ‘Social Learning and Imitation.â⠂¬â„¢ Their work augmented the previous ideas that human behaviors are reinforced through environment. Thereafter, many theorists like Watson, Julian Rotter, Rober Sears, Walter Mischel and Ronald Akers expanded the work of Miller and Dollard. It was however Albert Bandura who added a cognitive component to the Social Learning Theory by stating that the behavioral change is not related to direct enforcement, but related to the cognitive processes associated with the experience.Explanation of Social Learning TheoryThe chief proposition of the social learning theory is that the production of both conforming and deviant behavior is the out come of the same learning process in a context of social structure, interaction, and situation. In simple words, whatever we learn is basically the observation and modeling of behavior, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others. The theory offers an explanation of the acquisition, maintenance, and change in behavior that embraces social, nonsocial , and cultural factors operating both to motivate and control deviant behavior and both to promote and undermine conformity (Seamon Kenrick, 1994).Social learning theory initially emerged as a subset of the behavioral approach.   This approach remained focused on observable behaviors, but Bandura added a cognitive component to this theory. It considers that people learn from one another, including such concepts as observational learning, imitation, and modeling. In 1961 a paper was published by Bandura, Ross, and Ross describing an experiment into how children learn by observation. The experiment involved preschool children watching an adult be violent toward a large inflated clown doll.   When the children were left alone with the doll, many were observed copying the actions of the adults and being violent toward the doll. Another group of children saw the adults acting aggressively but also saw the adults punished for their actions. This group of children was less likely to c opy the actions of the adults. Later, these children were offered rewards if they copied the aggressive actions of the adults. The majority of the children offered rewards did copy the actions of the aggressive adults despite the punishments they had observed (Bandura, 1977).The observations of this experiment led to various components of Bandura’s social learning theory.   Firstly, it showed that children learn not just by their own behaviors, but also by observing the behaviors of others.   Secondly, it showed that the learning process was not just one of copying. If this was the case, the children would have been violent toward the doll whether or not they observed the adult being punished. This showed that both actions and the observed results of those actions determine what is learned, with this process requiring cognitive processes. Finally, it showed that other factors were also important in determining the resulting behavior. When children observed punishment, the y did not act violently. However, when they were provided with rewards, they did. This showed that other factors have impact on the cognitive processing that occurs. These aspects are all present in the social cognitive theory described by Bandura.Social learning theory is also important in regards to antisocial behaviors.   One area that has received a lot of attention recently is the issue of violence in society. As noted earlier, a major component of social learning/cognitive theory is that individuals learn by observing others. In the modern world, this does not only mean observing actual events. Instead, it also means observing films, music videos, and television programs. With these as a major influence, individuals learn their behaviors from what is observed from media. A detailed discussion on this aspect will be made in the application segment of this paper.General Principles of Social Learning TheoryHuman development is a complex process which involves an intricate relat ionship of a person with others, the persons behavior, and the environment. The interaction between these elements is generally referred to as the reciprocal determinism. The social learning theory emphasizes that a persons cognitive abilities, environment, physical characteristics, personality, beliefs and attitudes influence a person’s behavior through a process of continuous learning (Bandura, 2001). This interaction is however reciprocal; not only a person’s behavior is affected by all these elements but a persons behavior can also affect his/her feelings about these elements. As it is a common perception that the upcoming generation is always wiser than the former one, the reason is simple. The learning environment available today was not there in older times. The major environmental learning resources in the form of television, computers, and print media are providing the amount of information to the young minds which was unimaginable in the past. These environme ntal resources on one hand are contributing heavily to the learning of children and on the other hand are also shaping their behavior. This discussion leads us to the general principles of social learning theory which are derived from the same presumptions. The general principles of social learning theory are summarized below:People learn the most from their environment which is generally based on observing the behavior of others and the outcomes of those behaviors.Learning can take place even without reflecting a change in the behavior. Behaviorists generally argue that a permanent change in the behavior will represent the acquiring of new knowledge but the social learning theorists believe otherwise. The social learning theory rests on the principle that learning can even be possible without a considerable or a permanent change in the behavior. People can learn through observation alone, their learning may not necessarily be shown in their performance.Major contribution of Bandura towards the social learning theory is adding the principle of cognition. Cognition plays a vital role in learning. Perception of a person can be modified even without any interaction with others. Awareness and expectations of future reinforcements or punishments can have a major effect on the behaviors that people exhibit.The Process of Social LearningThe social learning theory encompasses of four processes that form the basis of learning. These processes are Attention, Retention, Motivation, and Motor Reproduction. Observational learning can not commence without acquiring attention of the learner. In our daily lives, we walk down the streets but are seldom distracted unless something catches our attention. A fight going on at some place, a scene of an accident or a distinctive billboard advertisement will force us unwittingly to stop and observe. The same human instinct is exploited by the mass media as well. A sensational news item or new themes in the commercials are all meant t o get our attention. In nut shell, the first step in the process of learning is to attract the attention of the learner. Another important aspect of ‘attention’ is that besides being unique and sensational, the theme has to be appealing since different people are attracted by different things. Most people would not stop to see a fight going on, but few will do that. Similarly, most people will be attracted to a unique advertisement, but few people will not be impressed.The second component of the process of learning is ‘Retention.’ In order to reproduce the modeled behavior, the individuals must code the information into their long-term memory. Unless a modeled behavior is registered in the memory, the process of learning does not proceed further. There may be numerous behaviors we observe each day but we do not put them in our memory for two reasons. Either the behaviors we observed did not attract out attention or we too complex/verbose to be understood a nd retained in the memory.   For example, a verbal description of a person performing an act by somebody may not get registered in our minds as against if we had observed the same ourselves. The process of retention is important not only for storing information in our mind but a good retention helps in accurate retrieval of the same as well. The process of retention is not related to our liking or disliking. If a certain incident or a modeled behavior has attracted our attention, it may get registered in our minds even if we did not like it.The third and fourth components of the process of learning are closely knitted. Motor Reproduction involves the physical reproduction of the observed activity through physical capability, self-observation and feedback. The process of learning however still takes place even if we are capable of reproducing the learnt behavior but decline to adopt it. This is the essence of social learning theory. We, in fact do not only learn to follow the suit for a reward but also learn to avoid certain kinds of modeled behavior for the fear of consequences. This process of learning is called motivation or reinforcements. The reinforcements comprises of external, vicarious and/or self-reinforced motivation. In this process, the observer expects to receive positive reinforcements for the modeled behavior. Differential reinforcement refers to the balance of anticipated or actual rewards and punishments that follow or are consequences of behavior. The reproduction of modeled behavior will therefore depend upon the level of motivation which is generated by either the urge for reward or the fear of punishment, forcing us to act accordingly. Another important aspect of motor reproduction is that the balance of reinforcement may motivate a person to reproduce learnt deviant behaviors even in the face of their own definitions unfavorable to those acts. Reproduction of deviant behavior is however more likely when both the reinforcement balance an d the balance of one’s own definitions are in the same deviant direction (Simons et al, 2004).Application of Social Learning TheoryChildren who mimic various behaviors of their parents are engaged in social learning. One of the key principles of social learning theory is that individuals will be more likely to adopt modeled behavior if it is activity they value and if the model holds admired status. Major assumption of Banduras social learning theory is that we can learn by observing others. The most suited stage of human development for observational learning is the early childhood. Children are the finest observers of environment. They are easily attracted to every thing and they retain whatever they see. They do not require much of the motivation and hence tend to reproduce the modeled behaviors disregarding any consequences. Applicability of social learning theory on children therefore resulted in the idea of ‘prepared environment’ most suited to their learni ng needs.Bandura’s main emphasis has remained on the application of social learning theory on children. In this regard, Bandura’s apprehensions of the role of mass media are of prime importance. Bandura warned that children and adults acquire attitudes, emotional responses, and new styles of conduct through filmed and televised modeling (Bandura, 1989). A change in behavior and attitude is very obvious in children spending too much time in front of television screens. Not paying heed to elder’s instructions, replying in a rude manner, poor education results, and preferring an isolated life are few to name the symptoms of   a changing behavior pattern. Furthering the effects of mass media, children do not spend enough time on some healthier activity resulting into gaining weight. They are also attracted to unhealthier food by watching commercials during childrens programs. By watching violence, children learn that it is okay to use force to handle aggression an d settle disagreements (Paik ; Comstock, 1994).Application of social learning theory provides us enough evidence that media violence dictates children to behave aggressively toward others. They learn to use violence instead of self-control to take care of problems or conflicts. Violence in media may make children more accepting of real-world violence and less caring toward others. Children who see a lot of violence from movies, TV shows, or video games start seeing the real world as a cruel and scary place. Television also exposes children to adult behaviors, prematurely. Television programs often depict sexual activity as normal, fun, exciting, and without any risks. The children usually copy the same to feel more grown up. Casual but continuous dose of televised messaging can pollute young minds (Borgatta ; Montgomery, 2000). Children are exposed to messages that say drinking alcohol and smoking cigarettes or cigars are normal activities. Commercials would portray strong and sexy people indulging in such activities. They would never highlight side effects of these things. Beer and wine are some of the most advertised products on television. It is estimated that an average child sees more than 20,000 commercials each year. Constant dose of commercials can even cause changes in behavioral patterns of children. They can easily remember marketing slogans or catchy phrases and try to imitate them accordingly. An evidence of negative effects of violence on television was also provided through a series of experimental studies conducted under supervision of US Surgeon General in 1972. The experiments proved that children adopt violent behaviors in their plays if they are exposed to viewing violence on television (Borgatta ; Montgomery, 2000).The field of criminology is based on the major hypotheses of social learning theory. Sutherland, who is called as the father of American criminology was a strong proponent of the idea that the criminal behavior is learned in int eraction with others in a process of communication (Sutherland, 1947). On the similar lines, Albert Bandura promoted that aggression is learned through a process called behavior modeling (Bandura, 1977). Negating the old assumptions of biological and inheritance tendencies, Bandura emphasized that people learn aggressive responses from observing others, either personally or through the media and environment. His definition of motivation or reinforcements included a reduction of tension, gaining financial rewards, gaining the praise of others, and building self-esteem.The social learning theory explains deviancy by combining variables which encouraged delinquency with variables that discouraged delinquency. The theory declares that all behavior is learned in much the same way as other behaviors. The application of social learning theory in the field of criminology can not be narrowed down to one particular group of criminals. It can be applied to most criminals and crimes that produc e a gain which can be psychological in the form of positive attention from other group members, or physical/material. The social learning theory is however best applied to behavior within groups which offer reinforcement, such as gangs, peer groups, or social groups (Akers, 1998).In the field of criminology, the social learning theory has a major limitation too. It focuses solely on the interaction between the individual and the social group, and totally ignores the individual differences or social context. These individual differences may be biological, psychological, or the result of other factors, and may affect the interaction between the individual and the social group. The theory also ignores the inborn characteristics of individuals. Two individuals brought up in the same learning environment and having same social setting, may act differently in the same given situation. Various personality traits of criminals like guts (dare devils), impulsivity, lack of remorse, hyper-sexu ality, and inability to resist temptation are more of neurological impairment and genetic disorders. Total disregard of such forces in the social learning context makes it difficult for the social learning theorists to explain the process of learning deviant behavior.ConclusionSocial learning theory is a general theory of human behavior, which proposes that environment plays an important role in development of different behaviors in individuals. Various social scientists and particularly Bandura expanded its scope and applied it on children to explain as to how we learn from the modeled behavior. The theory helps us in understanding the negative impacts of mass media on children and adolescents who acquire attitudes, emotional responses, and new styles of conduct through filmed and televised modeling. The theory also explains the deviant behavior as the outcome of our interaction with others and our learning from the environment.

Festive Words

Festive Words Festive Words Festive Words By Sharon I love the Christmas season. The process of decorating, choosing gifts with care, preparing seasonal food and spending time with friends and family really appeals to me. With that in mind, here are the origins of some popular seasonal words. decorate Meaning to adorn, decorate dates from the 16th century. However, its seasonal meaning of to deck with ornamental accessories dates from the 18th century. The word originates from the Latin decoratus (beautify). mistletoe This comes from the Old English misteltan via Old Norse and Old High German. Mistletoe is a parasitic plant that grows on trees and its been believed to have magical properties since the days of the Druids. The custom of kissing under the mistletoe dates from the Norse tale of Baldur and Frigga. gift This dates from the 13th century and derives from Old Norse, with the same word existing in Old English. It originally referred to payment for a wife. The alternative present comes from 13th century Old French, meaning something which has been presented. tinsel Tinsel is believed to have come from the Anglo Norman, with ancestors in Old French and was first seen in the expression tinsell saten. It means strips of shining metal used for ornament and also describes things that are showy and worthless. wreath Wreath derives from Old English, meaning a twisted band or coil. The more modern meaning of a garland of leaves or flowers dates from the 16th century. turkey The name for this type of guinea fowl originates in the 16th century. The name charts the history of the birds movement. According to the Oxford Dictionary of Etymology the name of the country was applied to the bird because it was brought to New Guinea by the Portuguese through Turkish dominions. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Comparative Forms of Adjectives7 Tips for Writing a Film ReviewEbook, eBook, ebook or e-book?

Article Review Example - Write an A+ Grade Paper †Pro-Academic-Writers.com

Article Review Example - Write an A+ Grade Paper Article review writing is a challenging task. It requires the author to have a deep understanding of the article topic, to be able to search and analyze information, to critically summarize the material from different sources. You are to take into account importance and novelty of data and to discuss complex and voluminous topics in easy words. Practice is needed here. You can check an article review example to understand the format of article review writing. Article Review Example Want to properly write and complete an article review? No worries; we have prepared a free sample. Check our examples to easily write article reviews on any subject, whether it is jurisprudence, management, pedagogy, economics, or psychology. You can order a professional article review here. What to Start with? Before writing any article review, you need to understand what kind of article it is, its background, what functions it performs; what actually it is needed for. Get to know the main concepts. Having answers to above questions, you will be able to write an in-depth and fine-grained article review with no problems. Any article review should perform following functions. Outline the main content of an article, determine the relevance of the article, and decide whether to refer to the full text of the article; Discuss the importance of the article topic supported by other relevant information and data. An article review should include a description of the topic, main points discussed in the article, the purpose of writing, conclusions made by the writer. In the article review, you are to indicate what’s new has been stated/ revealed there. Related topics should be mentioned as well. To ease reading, divide your article review into several sections – each having a separate header/ sub-header. What’s more, when writing an article review, remember that its content should be objective. It is necessary to thoroughly study the article and other relevant literature to write an excellent paper. How to do it? Here are some of our recommendations: First, after reading the original article, think on the structure of your article review. Having decided on the main structure of your writing, it will be easier to understand what each section will be about. Highlight important points of the article and write them down in a separate document. You will later use this information when writing an article review. When reading the material, try to find contradictions in the article. You can further use this information. Make your article review more interesting and deep. Think about whether enough information is provided in an article so that you can write a review. If something is not clear in the article, do research. Key Points of Article Review Writing After reading the original article, you need to analyze information present there. Think if you have learned anything new and if information contradicts concepts you were already aware of. At the same time, you need to think how data can be perceived by a reader. Make sure it is fresh, actual, interesting. In general, to write an article review, you need to clearly understand what it is about. Write down key points that answer questions: What are goals set by the article? What is practical novelty of material discussed in the article? Is the conceptual line clear? Are highlighted facts important; do they make sense? Does the article fully cover the topic; are there any blank areas? How clear is the text written? If you have no experience in mastering article reviews, we advise you to review an article review example and understand key format, style, and language nuances. ORDER MY PERFECT ARTICLE REVIEW Writing a Review – Step-by-Step Guide Obviously, writing a review of an article is a difficult-to-accomplish mission. It requires a lot of time and efforts. It is a way easier to split a work into several stages and cope with each separately when you have time and inspiration. This approach has proven to be effective for many students. Step 1 – Write the Name The first thing that needs to be noted in the review is a full title of the article/data about its author – his position/name. Step 2 – Write Summary Do not forget to briefly discuss the problem discussed in the article. Write a few words about the relevance of the article topic. Demonstrate its impact on the audience as well as the novelty brought out by the writer. Step 3 – Evaluate Actuality No matter what field you cover in your paper, it is extremely important to evaluate and indicate the degree of relevance of the article, on what it is based. We advise you to tell the reader how he can benefit from reading your article review as well as the text of the original article. The evaluation process is the most important one. The success of the entire work is dependent on how a student has managed to analyze the issue. Step 4 – Do Not Forget about the Main Be sure to indicate in the article review main aspects that the author offers to the readers. Make sure to discuss main points, evaluate their importance and contribution to the development of the article topic. Step 5 – Write Recommendations While writing a paper, remember that there must necessarily be a recommendation from a reviewer. Use relevant material. In easy words, you are to provide your general impression of the article in the context of other literature on a given topic. Step 6 – Index Authority In the review, it is necessary to indicate data on the reviewer himself. You are to indicate your full name, place of work/ study, signature. Step 7 – Check Other Reviews There are probably many other reviews discussing the same topic and article. We recommend you to check them; thus, you will know how other writers evaluate/ understand the article. What main points they have paid attention to. At the same time, you will be able to see mistakes that some writers make and avoid making them in your own work. Key Elements of a Review Like any piece of writing, an article review is to consist of the introduction, body, conclusion. Each structural element is to perform a specific role and cannot be mixed. Click here to read about the use of transition words and phrases to make all parts of your writing smoothly and logically connected. Introduction The intro part should provide general information about the topic discussed in the article. It should evaluate if the information is actual/ acute. Here you can share your general impressions about the article and its value to the reader; introduction is a good place to have a thesis statement. You can briefly state the main idea of your writing here. Although it is a highly informative part of the article review, an introduction should be no more than 20% of the whole paper. Body The body is a brief description of positive aspects and shortcomings of the journal article. It should identify the central idea of the study and recall achievement of its purpose. In the body of the paper, you need to write basic thoughts and opinions the writer has stated in the text of the original article. Highlight the main critique points of the article in the paper. Support them with facts from research you have done yourself. We advise you to use several information sources and compare information found. It is not a good idea to use citations from the original text. It is better to analyze each statement and share your ideas instead of plagiarizing the text of the article you are reviewing. Are there any important points in the article; do not know what to start with? The best approach would be to highlight the most important argument first; however, you should never forget to mention other critical arguments. Need Help With Article Review? Ask Us! Conclusion A conclusion is the most important element of your writing. It is the very last part a person reads in your paper. Therefore, it is extremely important to make it sound effective. At the end of your writing, provide an overview of main parameters summarizing positive aspects described in articles. Here you can confirm the value of information with facts from other sources. That is, in the concluding part, you can make an emphasis on how information is useful to you and how a reader can benefit from reading it. Ensure the conclusion is maximum informative and short. It should be no more than 10% of the entire paper. How to Assure Success of Your Writing? Once your paper is ready, reread it again. It is necessary to eliminate mistakes and typos in your paper. By proofreading a text, you can check whether necessary information has been fully covered in it. We recommend you to pay attention to the conclusion. One thing if you write something wrong in the intro or body; another thing when the concluding part misses some important points. Typical Errors in Article Review Writing Article review writing is an extremely challenging task. No surprise that students usually make many mistakes. Some of them are listed below for you to avoid them in your essay. Retelling contents of the article instead of analyzing and interpreting it; Writing a comment instead of reviewing an article; Lack of reasoning; Being too original instead of analyzing data from the article; Unclear position of the review writer; The article review overload with secondary details (in particular, with biographical/ historical information that do not become reference points of article analysis); Illiterate or formal use of concepts of literary theory, literary terms. Want to know how to write academic papers? Click here for a full guide. Easy Review Writing Writing a review is a problematic procedure. The thing is that clearly formulating your opinion on research and expressing it in several pages is difficult not only for undergraduate or postgraduate students. You can ease the process if you follow a certain plan and write a paper step by step, according to criteria. If you do not have experience in writing article reviews, it is not a problem. There are many professional online services that can help you cope with the matter. You can place an order on writing an academic article/ movie review from scratch, preparing an outline, or finalizing your draft. Students now have a chance to order an academic assignment from real writing gurus and receive a masterfully crafted paper to their email.

Final paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Final paper - Essay Example Adhering to a tradition that is historicary and theologically interconnected to two other religions means to stick to something common among all religions, as all of them believe in the existence of only one God The Jews use the Hebrew bible as their canon, the canon contains the story and the portrayals of Abraham Jews refer to Abraham as Abram, which later changed to Abraham after the making of the covenant, in the canon Abraham is the son of Terah, husband to Sarah and father to Isaac. In Judaism, sticking to the Abraham tradition is because of his obedience in God and the faith he had in God, Abraham was righteous. The covenant he made with God, which is to make him the father of all nations with circumcision as the physical evidence to show all his descendants, is also very important in Judaism. Abraham was a man full of faith and obedience, when God called Abraham and instructed him to leave his home Haran to go to an identified destination Abraham obeyed and left, God however made a covenant with Abraham used up to date by the Jews . The covenant between God and Abraham was that of giving him many descendants, as the stars in heaven, that is from Abraham a great nation would emerge that would greatly benefit human kind. Despite the fact that Abraham and Sarah and no children, Abraham had faith in God that he would fulfil his promise by giving him a son Jews view circumcision very important up to date, they believe that for all the descendants of Abraham circumcision should be necessary just as the Hebrew bible states that the covenant is everlasting to all the descendants of Abraham. Judaism religion is guided by the covenant in which the followers believe to have emerged; this brings to the religion the meaning of Abraham in their teachings. Jews also have the believe in the faith and the obedience that Abraham had in the almighty God. Even with all the doubt that Sarah

Effects of Organic and Conventional Management Practices on Soil Assignment

Effects of Organic and Conventional Management Practices on Soil Quality - Assignment Example The different crop management practices involved in conventional farming that include mixing of soil by tillage frequently and then leaving the soil exposed during significant periods of time lead to rising oxidation of organic matter and also reduces the levels of organic matter significantly thereby increasing the risks of soil erosion (Glinski, Horabik & Lipiec, 2011, p.527). It was during the 1990s that the crop management practices involved in conventional farming were questioned owing to the heavy use of chemicals. These chemicals had the potential ability to cause environmental degradation (Hunter, 2004, p.45). Studies have revealed that the quality of the soil under such farming practices have been poor thereby increasing the costs of the products as well as health. Considering these effects the long term sustainability of the conventional farming has been questioned against the alternative practices being available. Indirect costs including the offsite damage from erosion of soil, pollution in the surface and ground water, hazards to health of both human and animal, and damage to wildlife from conventional farming practices are at the moment tolerated by the humanity (Reganold, n.d.). Conventional farming has proved to have certain negative effects of the quality of the soil. Owing to the exposed nature of the soil, the productivity of the soil tends to get reduced due to wind and water erosion, compaction of soil, soil organic matter getting lost, accompanied by losses in water holding capacity and biological activity.